Aratinga
{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Birds Sun Conure.jpg
| image_caption = Sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis)
| taxon = Aratinga
| authority = Spix, 1824
| type_species = Psittacus luteus{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=67 |title= Psittacidae |author= |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-24}} = Psittacus solstitialis
| type_species_authority= Boddaert, 1783
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
Aratinga solstitialis
Aratinga maculata
Aratinga jandaya
Aratinga auricapilla
Aratinga nenday
Aratinga weddellii
}}
Aratinga is a genus of South American conures. Most are predominantly green, although a few are predominantly yellow or orange. They are social and commonly seen in groups in the wild. In Brazil, the popular name of several species usually is jandaia, sometimes written as jandaya in the scientific form.
Many species from this genus are popular pets, although being larger than the members of the genus Pyrrhura, they need a sizable aviary to thrive.
Taxonomy
The genus Aratinga was introduced in 1824 by the German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix.{{ cite book | last=von Spix | first=Johann Baptist | author-link=Johann Baptist von Spix | year=1824 | title=Avium species novae, quas Brasiliam anus MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX | volume=1 | language=Latin | location=Monachii [Munich] | publisher=Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni | page=29 | url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k993135/f31.item }} The type species was subsequently designated as the sun parakeet.{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1855 | title=Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum | location=London | publisher=British Museum | page=87 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17136726 }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1937 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=3 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=185 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477900 }} The genus name is from the extinct Tupi language of Brasil. Ará tinga means "bright bird" or "bright parrot".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=53 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n53/mode/1up }}
The taxonomy of this genus has recently been resolved by splitting it in four genera, as the genus as previously defined was paraphyletic.{{cite journal|title=Molecular systematics in Aratinga parakeets: species limits and historical biogeography in the 'solstitialis' group, and the systematic position of Nandayus nenday|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00223-9|pmid=15012946|year=2004|last1=Ribas|first1=Camila C.|last2=Miyaki|first2=Cristina Y.|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=30|issue=3|pages=663–75|bibcode=2004MolPE..30..663R }}{{cite journal|author1=Tavares ES |author2=Baker AJ |author3=Pereira SL |author4=Miyaki CY |year=2006|title=Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes : Psittacidae : Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=55|pages=454–470|doi=10.1080/10635150600697390|pmid=16861209|issue=3|doi-access=free}}{{cite book|last=Collar|first=N.J.|title=Family Psittacidae|editor=J. del Hoyo |editor2=A. Elliot |editor3=J. Sargatal|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona, Spain|year=1997|series=Handbook of the Birds of the World|volume=4|pages=280–479}} The species of the Aratinga solstitialis complex{{cite journal | last1 = Silverira | first1 = L. | last2 = Höfling | first2 = E. | year = 2005 | title = A new species of Aratinga Parakeet (Psittaformes: Psittacidae) from Brazil, with taxonomical remarks on the Aratinga solstitialis complex. | journal = The Auk | volume = 122 | issue = 1| pages = 292–305 | doi = 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0292:ANSOAP]2.0.CO;2 | doi-access = free }} were retained in this genus, while other former Aratinga species were moved to Eupsittula (brownish-throated species), Psittacara (pale-beaked species) and Thectocercus (blue-crowned parakeet). Furthermore, the closely related nanday parakeet (A. nenday) and the dusky-headed parakeet (A. weddellii) are placed in this genus. The nanday parakeet was previously placed in its own genus based on the differences in coloration and elongated upper mandible, but this was not supported by phylogenetic studies that showed a close relationship with the A. solstitialis species complex.{{Cite journal | last1=Remsen | first1=J.V. Jr. | last2=Schirtzinger | first2=E.E. | last3=Ferraroni | first3=A. | last4=Silveira | first4=L.F. | last5=Wright | first5=T.F. | date=2013 | title=DNA-sequence data require revision of the parrot genus Aratinga (Aves: Psittacidae) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3641 | issue=3 | pages=296–300 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.9| pmid=26287088 }}
Species
Hypothetical extinct species
Jean-Baptiste Labat described a population of small parrots living on Guadeloupe, which has been postulated to be a separate species based on little evidence. They were called Conurus labati, and are now referred to as the Guadeloupe parakeet (Aratinga labati). No specimens or remains of the extinct parrots are known. Their taxonomy may never be fully elucidated, so their postulated status as a separate species is hypothetical, and it is regarded as a hypothetical extinct species.{{cite book |title = Extinct Birds |first = Errol |last = Fuller | year = 1987| publisher = Penguin Books (England) |isbn = 978-0-670-81787-0 |page = 131}}
References
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