Araucanian languages
{{Distinguish|Arawakan languages}}
{{Short description|Language family of South America}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Araucanian
|region=Andes of Chile, Argentina
|familycolor=American
|family = One of the world's primary language families
|child1=Mapudungun
|child2=Huilliche
|glotto=arau1255
|glottorefname=Araucanian
}}
The Araucanian languages {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|ɔː|ˈ|k|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}}{{OED|Araucanian}} are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh), spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people. These are usually considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate.
Demographics
It is estimated that there are approximately 200,000 Mapudungun speakers in Chile and 40,000 speakers in Argentina. Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, Pano, Cholon-Hibito, and Kechua language families due to contact.
Internal classification
=Mason (1950)=
Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason (1950):{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}
{{tree list}}
- Araucanian
- North
- Picunche
- Mapuche
- Pewenche
- Rankel(che)
- Moluche
- South
- Wiliche (Huilliche)
- Wiliche
- Serrano
- Pichi-Wiliche
- Manzanero
- Veliche (Chilote)
- Chikiyami (Cuncho)
- Leuvuche
- East
- Taluhet (Taluche)
- Divihet (Diviche)
{{tree list/end}}
=Jolkesky (2016)=
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418142223/http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |date=2021-04-18 }}. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
({{extinct}} = extinct)
{{tree list}}
- Mapudungun
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
- Mapudungun
- Pewenche
- Rankelche
- Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
- Mapudungun, Northern
- Pikunche {{extinct}}
- Chango {{extinct}}
{{tree list/end}}
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mapuche (Araucanian) language varieties.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Mapuche !! Picunche !! Pehuenche !! Huiliche !! Chilote !! Ranquelche |
| one
| kiñe || kiñe || kiñe || kiñe || kenge || kiñe |
|---|
| two
| epu || epue || epu || epu || epo || epú |
| three
| küla || kela || kela || kila || köla || kʔla |
| head
| longko || || lonko || rlonko || || lonkó |
| hand
| kũ || kúü || kuü || ghechu || || keñeu |
| water
| ko || ko || ko || ko || ku || go |
| sun
| antu || antü || ante || ante || ánte || ant'ü |
| moon
| kuyen || küyén || küyen || kiyen || kién || kiyet |
| maize
| voe || wa || wa || waká || || wa |
| bird
| gunún || üñem || küñüm || giñum || || trarú |
| dog
| thehua || thewa || thewa || trehua || || cheuá |
| jaguar
| nahuel || nahuel || nawel || nahuel || || naue |
Further reading
- Augusta, F. J. (1966). Diccionario araucano-español y español-araucano: tomo primero: araucano - español. Padre Las Casas: Impr. y Editorial "San Francisco".
- Cañas Pinochet, A. (1911). Estudios de la lengua veliche. In: C. E. Porter (ed.), Trabajos de la III Sección “Ciencias Naturales, Antropo-lógicas y Etnológicas” (Tomo I), 143-330. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Barcelona.
- Erize, E. (1960). Diccionario comentado Mapuche-Español, Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, Huilliches. Bahía Blanca: Cuadernos del Sur.
- Flury, L. (1944). Guiliches: tradiciones, leyendas, apuntes gramaticales y vocabulario de la zona pampa-araucana. (Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueología, Lingüistica y Folklore Dr. Pablo Cabrera, 8). Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba
- Hernández Sallés, A.; Luna, C. C. (1997). Diccionario ilustrado Mapudungun- Español-Inglés. Santiago de Chile: Pehuén.
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Lyle |author-link=Lyle Campbell |title=American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195094271}}
External links
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91394 Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Araucanian]
{{language families}}
{{Languages of Chile}}
{{Mapuche}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Araucanian Languages}}