Arch of Reunification
{{short description|Former monument in Pyongyang, North Korea}}
{{for|the monument in Cameroon|Reunification Monument}}
{{for|the monument in Denmark|Reunification Monument, Copenhagen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Arch of Reunification
| native_name =
| image = Monument-to-National-Reunification-2014.jpg
| caption = Arch of Reunification in 2014
| location = Pyongyang, North Korea
| designer =
| type =
| material =
| length =
| width = {{convert|61.5|m|ft}}
| height = {{convert|30|m|ft}}
| begin =
| complete =
| open = {{start date and age|2001|08}}
| dedicated_to = {{Bulleted list|Three Principles of National Reunification|Plan of Establishing the Democratic Federal Republic of Koryo|Ten Point Programme for Reunification of the Country}}
| map_name = Pyongyang
| map_text =
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{coord|38|57|52.300|N|125|42|56.940|E|type:landmark_region:KP|display=inline,title}}
| extra =
|dismantled={{end date and age|2024|01}}}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| context = north
| title = Arch of Reunification
| hangul = 조국통일3대헌장기념탑
| hanja = {{linktext|祖|國|統|一|三|大|憲|章|紀|念|塔|}}
| mr = Choguk T'ongil Samtae Hŏnjang Kinyŏmt'ap
| rr = Joguk Tongil Samdae Heonjang Ginyeomtap
}}
The Arch of Reunification, officially the Monument to the Three-Point Charter for National Reunification,{{cite book|author=Justin Corfield|title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA8|date=July 2013|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-234-7|page=8}} was a sculptural arch located south of Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. It was opened in August 2001 to commemorate Korean reunification proposals put forward by Kim Il Sung.{{cite book |title=Inside North Korea |last=Harris |first=Mark Edward |year=2007 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-5751-2 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tc-_8GoNB3gC&pg=PA37}}{{cite web | title=Monument to the Three Charters for National Reunification | website=KCNA Watch | date=29 November 2015 | url=https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1565258174-436065989/monument-to-the-three-charters-for-national-reunification-1/ | access-date=23 January 2024 | archive-date=23 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123131652/https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1565258174-436065989/monument-to-the-three-charters-for-national-reunification-1/ | url-status=live }} Made of concrete, the arch straddled the multi-laned Reunification Highway leading from Pyongyang to the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The arch appeared on postage stamps issued in 2002, 2015, 2016, and 2021. The monument was demolished in January 2024.{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=David |date=6 February 2024 |title=North Korea has demolished its monument to reunification but it can't fully erase the dream |url=https://theconversation.com/north-korea-has-demolished-its-monument-to-reunification-but-it-cant-fully-erase-the-dream-222183 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=The Conversation |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206160322/https://theconversation.com/north-korea-has-demolished-its-monument-to-reunification-but-it-cant-fully-erase-the-dream-222183 |url-status=live }}
History
North Korea broke ground for the monument on 14 August 1999. It initially aimed to finish the arch by 15 August 2000, marking the 55th anniversary of Korea's liberation from Japan.{{Cite news |last=Fretwell |first=James |date=30 January 2024 |title=Arch nemesis: Kim Jong Un dismantled a monument — and his grandfather's legacy |url=https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/arch-nemesis-kim-jong-un-dismantled-a-monument-and-his-grandfathers-legacy/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=NK News |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130040501/https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/arch-nemesis-kim-jong-un-dismantled-a-monument-and-his-grandfathers-legacy/ |url-status=live }} The original plan was to have a 55-metre pillar with three branches to represent Koreans in the north, the south, and overseas. In July 2000, the Korean-American website Minjok Tongshin reported North Korea would change the location and design of the monument, supposedly because it received more support and commemorative bricks from South Korea than expected. According to NK News, North Korea's decision reportedly came shortly after the 2000 inter-Korean summit. In November 2000, the website published the first image of the arch's final design. The monument was completed by August 2001; Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), described it as a "grand monument to the 10,000-year grand plan of the era of the Workers’ Party of Korea."
= Demolition =
In December 2023, during his remarks at a Plenum of the WPK's Central Committee, Kim Jong Un accused South Korea of becoming a "forward military base and nuclear arsenal" of the United States amid increased U.S. drills and deployment of some military assets near the Korean peninsula.{{cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=North Korea to launch new spy satellites, build drones, says war inevitable |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-plans-launch-three-more-reconnaissance-satellites-2024-kcna-reports-2023-12-30/ |accessdate=23 January 2024 |publisher=Reuters |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240102230525/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-plans-launch-three-more-reconnaissance-satellites-2024-kcna-reports-2023-12-30/ |url-status=live }} At that time Kim announced that he had ruled out the possibility of reunification with South Korea through peaceful means and that North Korea must fundamentally change its relations with South Korea. North Korea ultimately vowed to launch three new spy satellites, build military drones and boost its nuclear arsenal by 2024.
In January 2024, Kim called for the destruction of the Arch of Reunification, in a further step towards abandoning the goal of peaceful reunification.{{Cite news |last=Yim |first=Hyunsu |date=16 January 2024 |title=North Korea's Kim calls for South to be seen as "primary foe", warns of war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-koreas-kim-calls-change-status-south-warns-war-2024-01-15/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240116083740/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-koreas-kim-calls-change-status-south-warns-war-2024-01-15/ |url-status=live }} In a speech at the Supreme People's Assembly on 15 January of that year, Kim called the monument an "eyesore" and, according to official media, ordered the constitution be amended to say the South was a "primary foe and invariable principal enemy".{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=North Korea tears down monument symbolizing union with the South - report |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-tears-down-monument-symbolizing-union-with-south-report-2024-01-23/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240123220357/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-tears-down-monument-symbolizing-union-with-south-report-2024-01-23/ |url-status=live }}
The arch was demolished some time between 19 and 23 January 2024, according to satellite imagery.{{Cite news |title=North Korea demolishes symbolic unification arch, satellite imagery suggests |url=https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/north-korea-demolishes-symbolic-unification-arch-satellite-imagery-suggests/ |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240123121022/https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/north-korea-demolishes-symbolic-unification-arch-satellite-imagery-suggests/ |archivedate=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |publisher=NK News}} The news that the Arch of Reunification had been demolished was confirmed by the Ministry of Unification of South Korea on 24 January 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=통일부 "북한, 평양서 '조국통일 기념탑' 철거" |trans-title=Ministry of Unification: "North Korea demolishes 'National Unification Monument' in Pyongyang" |url=https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2024/politics/article/6565383_36431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125013730/https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2024/politics/article/6565383_36431.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |accessdate=2024-01-24 |website=Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation |language=ko}}
Design
The arch consisted of two Korean women in traditional dress ({{transliteration|ko|chosŏn-ot}}), symbolizing the North and the South, leaning forward to jointly uphold a sphere bearing a map of a reunified Korea. The sphere is the emblem of the Three Charters: the Three Principles of National Reunification, the {{ill|Plan of Establishing the Democratic Federal Republic of Korea|ko|고려민주연방공화국안}}, and the Ten Point Programme for Reunification of the Country. The arch's lower part featured bronze bas-reliefs on both sides showing independence movement scenes. The plinth of the structure was engraved with messages of support for reunification and peace from various individuals, organizations, and nations. The arch was completed at the height of the so-called Sunshine Policy, a South Korean government effort to reduce the risk of conflict between the two states and reconcile with the North. The width of the Arch of Reunification, 61.5 metres, was a reference to the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration of 2000, and its height at 30 meters, a reference to the Three Principles of National Reunification.{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=북 통일정책의 집대성 '조국통일 3대헌장' |url=http://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=121651 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=통일뉴스 |language=ko |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620124725/http://www.tongilnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=121651 |url-status=live }}
REUNIFICATION_MONUMENT_PYONGYANG_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_(8150413808).jpg|The arch at night
File:Arch of Reunification, North Korea 09.JPG|Detail showing the apex of the arch, with image of the Korean Peninsula and islands (Jeju, Ulleungdo, Dokdo) and Korean text 3대헌장 (samdae heonjang, "3-point charter")
File:Arch of Reunification, North Korea 04.JPG|Bronze relief at base showing the Korean people
File:Arch of Reunification, North Korea 05.JPG|Bronze relief at base showing the Korean people
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Arch of Reunification}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103710/http://naenara.com.kp/en/book/new_window.php?10+10010 Monument to the Three Charters for National Reunification] at Naenara
{{Tourist attractions in Pyongyang}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arch Of Reunification}}
Category:2001 establishments in North Korea
Category:2024 disestablishments in North Korea
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2001
Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2024
Category:Buildings and structures in Pyongyang
Category:Concrete buildings and structures
Category:Demolished buildings and structures in North Korea
Category:Monuments and memorials in North Korea
Category:North Korea–South Korea relations
Category:Outdoor sculptures in North Korea