Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

{{Infobox military person

| name = Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

| honorific_prefix = Archduke

| image = Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria by Pieter Thijs.jpg

| caption = Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, by Pieter Thijs

| birth_date = 5 January 1614

| death_date = 20 November 1662 (aged 48)

| placeofburial_lab =

| placeofburial =

| birth_place = Wiener Neustadt

| death_place = Vienna

| placeofburial_coordinates =

| nickname =

| allegiance = {{flagcountry|Holy Roman Empire}}

| branch =

| serviceyears = 1640 to 1656

| rank =

| unit =

| commands = Governor, Spanish Netherlands 1647-1656

| battles =Thirty Years' War
Second Breitenfeld
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Gravelines Lens

| awards =

| relations = Emperor Ferdinand III brother
Leopold I nephew

| laterwork = Prince-bishop
Halberstadt Passau Breslau Olmütz Strasbourg
Grand Master, Teutonic Order 1641–1662

}}

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (5 January 1614 – 20 November 1662), younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand III, was an Austrian soldier, administrator and patron of the arts.

He held a number of military commands, with limited success, and served as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, before returning to Vienna in 1656. Despite being nominated as Holy Roman Emperor after Ferdinand's death in 1657, he stood aside in favour of his nephew Leopold I.

His main interest was in art, and he patronised artists including David Teniers the Younger, Frans Snyders, Peter Snayers, Daniel Seghers, Peter Franchoys, Frans Wouters, Jan van den Hoecke and Pieter Thijs. His collection of 17th century Venetian and Dutch paintings are now held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

Life

File:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria by David Teniers d. J. - 1650s.jpg]]

Born at Wiener Neustadt on 5 January, 1614, he was the sixth of seven children born to Emperor Ferdinand II (1578-1637) and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616). His elder brother became Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657).

Career

As a younger son, Leopold was educated for the church but was never ordained. Despite not being a member of the clergy, he held various Prince-Bishoprics within the Holy Roman Empire to provide him an income: Halberstadt (1628–1648), Passau (1625–1662), Breslau (1656–1662), Olmütz (1637–1662) and Strasbourg (1626–1662).

He was also appointed to the Bishopric of Halberstadt in 1627, Magdeburg in 1629 and Bremen in 1635. All three were in the Protestant north, where the infrastructure of the Catholic church had long since disappeared; he never exercised power and all three were secularised in 1648.{{cite web |last1=Mutschlechner |first1=Martin |title=Archduke Leopold Wilhelm: a Baroque prince of the Church par excellence |url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/archduke-leopold-wilhelm-baroque-prince-church-par-excellence |website=Habsburger.net |access-date=27 January 2020}} He became the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1641.

During his lifetime, the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire faced the 1568 to 1648 Dutch Revolt, the 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years War and other conflicts, including the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). Despite his reluctance, Ferdinand made him Imperial commander in 1639, largely due to lack of reliable subordinates; he resigned following a disastrous defeat at Second Breitenfeld in 1642, a battle fought against the advice of his generals.

He was re-appointed after another Imperial defeat at the 1645 Battle of Jankau, then Governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1647. In that role, he lost the Battle of Lens against Condé and then he helped negotiate an end to the war in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia; the Franco-Spanish War continued, obliging him to remain in Brussels until 1656.{{cite web |last1=Mutschlechner |first1=Martin |title=Leopold Wilhelm: the prince of the Church in armour|url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/leopold-wilhelm-prince-church-armour|website=Habsburger.net |access-date=27 January 2020}}

Art collection

While in Brussels, he employed David Teniers the Younger as keeper of his collection, spending immense sums on works by Frans Snyders, Peter Snayers, Daniel Seghers, Peter Franchoys, Frans Wouters, Jan van den Hoecke, Pieter Thijs, Jan van de Venne and others. He also acquired a number of Italian masters, purchased from the sale of collections owned by Bartolomeo della Nave and Charles I. His most prized pieces engraved in the book Theatrum Pictorium, which is often called the first "art catalogue".

When the tomb of Childeric I, an early Merovingian king, was discovered in 1653 by a mason doing repairs in the church of Saint-Brice in Tournai, it was Leopold Wilhelm who had the find published in Latin. On his return to Vienna in 1656, his collection relocated to the Hofburg Palace, where Jan Anton van der Baren, a Flemish priest and artist, served as director. The collection was bequeathed to his nephew Leopold I, and is now part of the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

He played an active role in court politics and was close to his stepmother, Eleonora of Mantua (1598-1655), who shared his interest in Italian art and was a prominent supporter of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Although suggested as a candidate to replace Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor in 1657, he ensured his nephew Leopold I was elected when he reached 18 in July 1658.{{sfn|González Cuerva, Tercero Casado|2017|p=164}}

File:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria.jpg|Bust of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, by Francois Dieussart (1656). Kunsthistorisches Museum

File:David Teniers the Younger - Archduke Leopold William in his Gallery at Brussels - Google Art Project.jpg|Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery in Brussels, by David Teniers the Younger, c. 1650

File:David Teniers - Gallery of the Archduke Leopold Willem in Brussels KMSKB.jpg|Gallery of the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in Brussels; by David Teniers the Younger, 1651

Ancestors

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;

|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;

|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;

|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;

|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;

|1= 1. Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

|2= 2. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

|3= 3. Maria Anna of Bavaria (≠ 5)

|4= 4. Charles II, Archduke of Austria{{NDB|5|83|85|Ferdinand II.|Eder, Karl|118532510}}

|5= 5. Maria Anna of Bavaria (≠ 3)

|6= 6. William V, Duke of Bavaria{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern|volume=7 |page=23}}

|7= 7. Renata of Lorraine

|8= 8. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark|volume=6 |page=352}} (= 22, 26)

|9= 9. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (= 23, 27)

|10= 10. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria von Bayern |volume=7 |page=20}} (= 12)

|11= 11. Anna of Austria (= 13)

|12= 12. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria{{cite ADB|42|717|723|Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)|Sigmund Ritter von Riezler|ADB:Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)}} (= 10)

|13= 13. Anna of Austria (= 11)

|14= 14. Francis I, Duke of Lorraine{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/christinaofdenma00adyj |title=Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590 |last=Cartwright |first=Julia Mary |publisher=E. P. Dutton |year=1913 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christinaofdenma00adyj/page/536 536]–539}}

|15= 15. Christina of Denmark

|16= 16. Philip I of Castile{{Britannica|204416|Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor}}{{Britannica|107009|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}

|17= 17. Joanna of Castile

|18= 18. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary{{NDB|1|299||Anna Jagjello|Obermayer-Marnach, Eva|133664473}}

|19= 19. Anna of Foix-Candale

|20= 20. William IV, Duke of Bavaria{{NDB|1|158|160|Albrecht V.|Goetz, Walter|118647571}} (= 24)

|21= 21. Marie of Baden-Sponheim (= 25)

|22= 22. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587) |volume=6 |page=151}} (= 8, 26)

|23= 23. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (= 9, 27)

|24= 24. William IV, Duke of Bavaria (= 20)

|25= 25. Marie of Baden-Sponheim (= 21)

|26= 26. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (= 8, 22)

|27= 27. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (= 9, 23)

|28= 28. Antoine, Duke of Lorraine

|29= 29. Renée of Bourbon-Montpensier

|30= 30. Christian II of Denmark

|31= 31. Isabella of Austria

}}

Male-line family tree

References

Sources

{{cite book |last1=González Cuerva |first1=Rubén |last2=Tercero Casado |first2=Luis |editor-last1=Caesar |editor-first1=Mathieu |chapter=The Imperial Court during the Thirty Years War |title=Factional Struggles: Divided Elites in European Cities & Courts (1400-1750) |date=2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004344150 |ref={{sfnRef|González Cuerva, Tercero Casado|2017}} }}
{{cite book |first=Renate |last=Schreiber |title="Ein Galeria nach meinem Humor": Erzherzog Leopold Wilhelm |location=Vienna |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |year=2004 |isbn=3854970854 }}
{{cite book | author=Liedtke , Walter A. | title=Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1984 | isbn=0870993569 | url=https://archive.org/details/flemishpaintings0000metr | url-access=registration }} (See index, v. 1, for more information on Leopold Wilhelm's patronage)

External links

{{cite web |last1=Mutschlechner |first1=Martin |title=Archduke Leopold Wilhelm: a Baroque prince of the Church par excellence |url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/archduke-leopold-wilhelm-baroque-prince-church-par-excellence |website=Habsburger.net |access-date=27 January 2020}}
{{cite web |last1=Mutschlechner |first1=Martin |title=Leopold Wilhelm: the prince of the Church in armour|url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/leopold-wilhelm-prince-church-armour|website=Habsburger.net |access-date=27 January 2020}}

{{s-hou|House of Habsburg|5 January|1614 in Wiener Neustadt|20 November|1662 in Vienna|name=Leopold William of Austria}}

{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Christian William of Brandenburg |as=Lutheran Administrator }}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Archbishop of Magdeburg{{smallsup|1}}|years=1631–1638}}

{{s-aft|after=Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels |as=Lutheran Administrator }}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Bishop of Halberstadt{{smallsup|1}}|years=1628–1648}}

{{s-bef|before=Frederick II, Crown Prince of Denmark |as=Lutheran Administrator }}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Archbishop of Bremen{{smallsup|2}}|years=1635–1645}}

{{s-aft|after=Franz Wilhelm, Count of Wartenberg |as=Vicar Apostolic }}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Bishop of Strasbourg{{smallsup|1}}|years=1626–1662}}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Bishop of Passau{{smallsup|1}}|years=1625–1662}}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Bishop of Olmütz{{smallsup|1}}|years=1637–1662}}

{{s-ttl|title=Prince-Bishop of Breslau{{smallsup|1}}|years=1656–1662}}