Architecture of Belgrade

File:The ruined gateway of Prince Eugene, Belgrade.jpg in a 1865 painting by Carl Goebel]]

File:Kalemegdan_03.jpg, ca. 1460]]

{{main|Medieval Serbian architecture}}

Little remains in Belgrade of its early period. The Nebojša Tower, from ca. 1460, is a lonely testimony of the pre-Ottoman medieval defenses of the town.

{{main|Ottoman Serbia}}

Belgrade was the main urban centre of Ottoman Serbia throughout the Early Modern period.

Ottoman culture significantly influenced the city, in architecture, cuisine, language, and dress, especially in arts, and Islam.

File:Spoljašnost_Bajrakli_džamije_02.JPG|Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade, 1575

File:Česma_Mehmed_Paše_Sokolovića_(1).jpg|Mehmed Paša Sokolović's Fountain, Belgrade, 1576/77

File:Skull_Tower.jpg|Skull Tower, Belgrade, 1809

File:Belgrade_Planetarium_closeup.jpg|Old Turkish bath in Lower Town, 1860–1867, today Belgrade Planetarium

During the 17th century many of the Serbian Orthodox Churches that were built in Belgrade took all the characteristics of Baroque churches built in the Austrian administered regions where Serbs lived. The churches usually had a bell tower, and a single nave building with the iconostasis inside the church covered with Renaissance-style paintings. These churches can mostly be found in Zemun.

The 19th century was a time of development of Serbian nationalism, which sought to develop a "national style" in architecture too, in line with national romanticism ideas. Within the broader movement of historicism, in parallel to neoclassical architecture, Serbia saw the development in particular of a Byzantine Revival architecture style.

In the 19th century the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time, with influences from neoclassicism, romanticism and academic art. Serbian architects took over the development from the foreign builders in the late 19th century, producing the National Theatre, Stari Dvor, St. Michael's Cathedral and later, in the early 20th century, the House of the National Assembly and National Museum of Serbia, influenced by Art Nouveau. Elements of Neo-Byzantine architecture are present in buildings such as the Vuk Foundation House, the Old Post Office in Kosovska street, and sacral architecture, such as St. Mark's Church (based on the Gracanica monastery), and the Temple of Saint Sava.

{{Gallery

|title= Early 19th-century architecture

|File:Muzej_Vuka_i_Dositeja,_Februar_2016.png|Dositej’s Lyceum, a typical building of 18th-century Belgrade

|File:Konak_kneginje_Ljubice,_Bgd.JPG|Residence of Princess Ljubica by Hadži-Neimar, 1830

|File:Prince_Miloš's_Residence,_Topčider,_Belgrade,_Serbia.jpg|Residence of Prince Miloš by Hadži-Neimar, 1831-1833

|File:Топчидерска_црква.jpg|Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Topčider by Hadži-Neimar, 1834

}}

{{Gallery

|title= Academic style architecture

|File:Saborna_crkva.jpg|St. Michael's Cathedral (Saborna Crkva) by Adam Friedrich Kwerfeld, 1837-1840

|File:National_Museum_of_Serbia_(DSC04612).jpg|National Museum of Serbia by Andra Stevanović and Nikola Nestorović, 1844

|File:Belgrad_-_Museum_Zemun_(Spirtina_Haus).jpg|Gothic Revival Spirta House in Zemun by Heinrich von Ferstel, 1855

|File:Rektorat_Beogradskog_univerziteta.jpg|Captain Miša's Mansion by Jan Nevole, 1863

|File:Beograd - National Theater 01.jpg|National Theatre by Aleksandar Bugarski, 1869

|File:Stari_dvor,_oko_1926._godine.jpg|Stari Dvor (Old Palace) by Aleksandar Bugarski, 1884

|File:Belgrade_-_Centre_for_Climate_Change.jpg|First Serbian Observatory, 1890

|File:Официрски_дом.JPG|Officers' Club, 1895

}}

{{main|Serbo-Byzantine Revival}}

Serbia's modern sacral architecture got its main impetus from the dynastic burial church in Oplenac which was commissioned by the Karadordevic dynasty 1909.Aleksandar Kadijevic: Byzantine architecture as inspiration for serbian new age architects. Katalog der SANU anlässlich des Byzantinologischen Weltkongresses 2016 und der Begleitausstellung in der Galerie der Wissenschaften und Technik in der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Serbian Committee for Byzantine Studies, Belgrade 2016, {{ISBN|978-86-7025-694-1}}, S. 87. With the arrival of Russian émigré artist after the October Revolution, Belgrade's main governmental edifices were planned by eminent Russian architects trained in Russia. It was King Aleksandar I who was the patron of the neobyzantine movement.Aleksandar Kadijevic: Byzantine architecture as inspiration for serbian new age architects. Katalog der SANU anlässlich des Byzantinologischen Weltkongresses 2016 und der Begleitausstellung in der Galerie der Wissenschaften und Technik in der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Serbian Committee for Byzantine Studies, Belgrade 2016, {{ISBN|978-86-7025-694-1}}, S. 62. Its main proponents were Aleksander Deroko, Momir Korunovic, Branko Kristic, Grigorijji Samojlov and Nikola Krasnov (Никола́й Петро́вич Красно́в). Their main contribution were the royal castles on Dedinje, the Church of Saint Sava, St. Mark's Church, Belgrade. After the communist era ended Mihailo Mitrovic and Nebojša Popovic were proponents of new tendencies in sacral architecture which used classic examples in the Byzantine tradition.Aleksandar Kadijevic 2016: Between Artistic Nostalgia and Civilisational Utopia: Byzantine Reminiscences in Serbian Architecture of the 20th Century. Lidija Merenik, Vladimir Simic, Igor Borozan (Hrsg.) 2016: IMAGINING THE PAST THE RECEPTION OF THE MIDDLE AGES IN SERBIAN ART FROM THE 18TH TO THE 21ST CENTURY. Ljubomir Maksimovic & Jelena Trivan (Hrsg.) 2016: BYZANTINE HERITAGE AND SERBIAN ART I–III. The Serbian National Committee of Byzantine Studies, P.E. Službeni glasnik, Institute for Byzantine Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Hier S. 177 [https://www.academia.edu/28269003/Between_artistic_nostalgia_and_civilizational_utopia_Byzantine_reminiscences_in_Serbian_architecture_of_the_20th_century_in_BYZANTINE_HERITAGE_AND_SERBIAN_ART_III_IMAGINING_THE_PAST_THE_RECEPTION_OF_THE_MIDDLE_AGES_IN_SERBIAN_ART_FROM_THE_18_TH_TO_THE_21_ST_CENTURY (Academia:PDF)]

File:Crkva_Svetog_Marka_u_Beogradu.jpg|St. Mark's Church, 1835 (renewed 1940)

File:Dom Vukove zadužbine 2.jpg|Vuk Foundation House by Branko Tanazevic

File:PrvaTelefonskaCentrala.jpg|Old telephone exchange by Branko Tanazevic

File:Kraljevski_Dvor_pod_snegom.jpg|Kraljevski Dvor (Royal Palace) at Dedinje, 1924–1929

File:Beograd_Patrijarsija_BN.jpg|Patriarchate by Viktor Lukomski, 1932–1935

The Art Nouveau and Vienna Secession style flourished in the north of the country at the turn of the 20th century, when the Vojvodina region was still part of the Hungarian kingdom under the Habsburgs. Subotica and Zrenjanin host particularly remarkable buildings from the period. Novi Sad and Belgrade were not immune from the architectural novelty either.

File:Hotel_Moskva_(Belgrade).jpg|Hotel Moskva by Jovan Ilkić, 1908

File:Vuco's house (61-61a Karadjordjeva street, Belgrade) 02.jpg|Vučo’s House on the Sava River, 1908

File:Атеље Уроша Предића.jpg|Uros Predic's Studio, 1908

File:House of Mika Alas in 2020 (2).jpg|Mika Alas's House, 1910

File:Beograd_Hotel_Bristol.JPG|Secession style Hotel Bristol by Nikola Nestorović, 1912

File:Belgrade_Cooperative,_front_view.jpg|Belgrade Cooperative, 1882

File:Зграда_трговца_Стаменковића,_Краља_Петра_41,_Београд.jpg|Building of Merchant Stamenković by Аndra Stevanović and Nikola Nestorović, 1907

{{main|Architecture of Yugoslavia}}

Yugoslav architecture emerged in the first decades of the 20th century before the establishment of the state; during this period a number of South Slavic creatives, enthused by the possibility of statehood, organized a series of art exhibitions in Serbia in the name of a shared Slavic identity. Following governmental centralization after the 1918 creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, this initial bottom-up enthusiasm began to fade. Yugoslav architecture became more and more dictated by an increasingly concentrated national authority which sought to establish a unified state identity.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSqoDQAAQBAJ|title=Nationalism and Architecture|last=Deane|first=Darren|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=9781351915793}}

Beginning the 1920s, Yugoslav architects began to advocate for architectural modernism, viewing the style as the logical extension of progressive national narratives. The Group of Architects of the Modern Movement, an organization founded in 1928 by architects Branislav Ð Kojic, Milan Zlokovic, Jan Dubovy, and Dusan Babic pushed for the widespread adoption of modern architecture as the "national" style of Yugoslavia to transcended regional differences. Despite these shifts, differing relationships to the west made the adoption of modernism inconsistent in Yugoslavia WWII. Of all Yugoslav cities, Belgrade has highest concentration of modernist structures.{{Cite journal|last=Ðordevic|first=Zorana|date=2016|title=Identity of 20th Century Architecture in Yugoslavia: The Contribution of Milan Zlokovic|url=https://journals.cultcenter.net/index.php/culture/article/download/279/241/|journal=КУЛТУРА/Culture|volume=6}}{{Cite journal|last=Babic|first=Maja|date=2013|title=Modernism and Politics in the Architecture of Socialist Yugoslavia, 1945-1965|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23716/Babic_washington_0250O_11912.pdf?sequence=1|journal=University of Washington}}

The architecture of Yugoslavia was characterized by emerging, unique, and often differing national and regional narratives.{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3931|title=Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia, 1948–1980|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}} As a socialist state remaining free from the Iron Curtain, Yugoslavia adopted a hybrid identity that combined the architectural, cultural, and political leanings of both Western liberal democracy and Soviet communism.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/arts/design/architecture-in-yugoslavia-review-moma.html|title=The Cement Mixer as Muse|last=Farago|first=Jason|date=2018-07-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/yugoslavia-concrete-architecture/index.html|title=Yugoslavia's forgotten brutalist architecture|first=Jonathan |last=Glancey|date=2018-07-17|website=CNN Style|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-unrepeatable-architectural-moment-of-yugoslavias-concrete-utopia|title=The Unrepeatable Architectural Moment of Yugoslavia's "Concrete Utopia"|last=McGuirk|first=Justin|magazine=The New Yorker|date=2018-08-07|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}

During the socialist period in Belgrade much housing was built quickly and cheaply to house the huge influx of people from the countryside following World War II, resulting in the brutalist architecture of New Belgrade's blokovi (blocks); a socrealism trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like the Dom Sindikata. However, in the mid-1950s, the modernist trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.

{{Gallery

|title= Interwar modernism

|File:Kuća Milana Zlokovića 5.JPG| Zloković House in Belgrade, 1927

|File:Residental_Home_for_Secondary_School_Students_King_Aleksandar_I.jpg| Studentski Dom by Vojin Petrovic, 1933, today Archives of Yugoslavia

|File:Main Post Office of Serbia building (13810388075).jpg|Main Post Office Palace, 1938

|File:Palace_Albania.jpg|Palace Albanija, 1939

}}

{{Gallery

|title= Art Nouveau and Art Deco

|File:Street_Knez_Mihailova.png|Ruski car Tavern by Petar Popović and Dragiša Brašovan, 1922-1926

|File:Zgrada_Pravnog_fakulteta_u_Beogradu_(DSC04691).jpg|University of Belgrade Faculty of Law

|File:Old Post Office in Belgrade during winter.jpg|Old Post Office by Momir Korunović, 1929

|File:Agrarna_banka.jpg| Agrarian Bank Building by Petar and Branko Krstić, 1932-1934

}}

{{Gallery

|title= Interwar academic style

|File:KnezMihailova_ped.jpg|Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts building, 1922

|File:Bâtiment_officiel.jpg|Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building, façade by Nikolay Krasnov (architect), 1923

|File:Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg|Belgrade Synagogue, 1925

|File:Serbian_Government_building.jpg|Government Building by Nikolay Krasnov (architect), 1926-1928

|File:Ruski_centar_za_kulturu_i_nauku_u_Beogradu.JPG|Russian House, by Vasily Baumgarten, 1931-1933

|File:Beli_dvor.jpg|Beli Dvor, 1934

|File:Kardjordje spomenik hram.jpg|Temple of Saint Sava and monument of Karađorđe (1935-present)

|File:ParlamentBelgrad.jpg|The House of the National Assembly, and the headquarters of the Serbian Post, erected in 1938

}}

File:Nikola Pašić (Marks i Engels) tér, szemben a Jugoszláv Szakszervezeti Székház (Dom sindikata Jugoslavije). Fortepan 31525.jpg Dom Sindikata (1947), by Branko Petričić]]

Immediately following the Second World War, Yugoslavia's brief association with the Eastern Bloc ushered in a short period of socialist realism. Centralization within the communist model led to the abolishment of private architectural practices and the state control of the profession. During this period, the governing Communist Party condemned modernism as "bourgeois formalism," a move that caused friction among the nation's pre-war modernist architectural elite.{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/1614921|title=Modernism in-between : the mediatory architectures of socialist Yugoslavia|last=Vladimir.|first=Kulic|date=2012|publisher=Jovis Verlag|isbn=9783868591477|oclc=814446048}}

File:SIV_Palace_of_Serbia_IMG_9221.JPG by Potocnjak and Mihailo Jankovic, 1950]]

Socialist realist architecture in Yugoslavia came to an abrupt end with Josip Broz Tito's 1948 split with Stalin. In the following years the nation turned increasingly to the West, returning to the modernism that had characterized pre-war Yugoslav architecture. During this era, modernist architecture came to symbolize the nation's break from the USSR (a notion that later diminished with growing acceptability of modernism in the Eastern Bloc).{{Cite journal|last1=Alfirevic|first1=Ðorde|last2=Simonovic Alfirevic|first2=Sanja|date=2015|title=Urban housing experiments in Yugoslavia 1948-1970|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1450-569X/2015/1450-569X1534001A.pdf|journal=Spatium|issue=34|pages=1–9|doi=10.2298/SPAT1534001A}} The nation's postwar return to modernism is perhaps best exemplified in Vjenceslav Richter's widely acclaimed 1958 Yugoslavia Pavilion at Expo 58, the open and light nature of which contrasted the much heavier architecture of the Soviet Union.{{Cite journal|last=Kulic|first=Vladimir|date=2012|title=An Avant-Garde Architecture for an Avant-Garde Socialism: Yugoslavia at EXPO '58|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=47|issue=1|pages=161–184|doi=10.1177/0022009411422367|issn=0022-0094|jstor=23248986|s2cid=143501826}}

During this period, the Yugoslav break from Soviet socialist realism combined with efforts to commemorate World War II, which together led to the creation of an immense quantity of abstract sculptural war memorials, known today as spomenik{{Cite journal|last=Kulic|first=Vladmir|title=Edvard Ravnikar's Liquid Modernism: Architectural Identity in a Network of Shifting References|url=http://apps.acsa-arch.org/resources/proceedings/uploads/streamfile.aspx?path=ACSA.AM.101&name=ACSA.AM.101.109.pdf|journal=New Constellations New Ecologies|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201120314/http://apps.acsa-arch.org/resources/proceedings/uploads/streamfile.aspx?path=ACSA.AM.101&name=ACSA.AM.101.109.pdf|url-status=dead}}

File:Belgrade Fair - Hall 1.jpg|Belgrade Fair – Hall 1, Europe's largest dome and the world's largest dome between 1957 and 1965

File:Hotel_Metropol_Belgrade_mali_Tasmajdan.JPG|Hotel Metropol by Dragiša Brašovan, 1957

File:Stadion_na_Tašmajdanu_-_panoramio.jpg|Stadion Tašmajdan, 1958

File:Avala_Tower.jpg|Avala Tower, 1961

File:Ušće.JPG|Ušće Towers, 1964

File:Hala_sportova_Novi_Beograd.JPG|Ranko Žeravica Sports Hall (Hala), 1968

File:Hotel_Jugoslavija_-_panoramio.jpg|Hotel Jugoslavija by Lavoslav Horvat, 1969

File:Beogradjanka, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|Beograđanka tower, 1974

File:Jugotours Beograd Dec 2003.jpg (1977) by Mihajlo Mitrović]]

In the late 1950s and early 1960s Brutalism began to garner a following within Yugoslavia, particularly among younger architects, a trend possibly influenced by the 1959 disbandment of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne.{{Cite journal|last=di Radmila Simonovic|first=Ricerca|date=2014|title=New Belgrade, Between Utopia and Pragmatism|url=https://web.uniroma1.it/dottcomparch/sites/default/files/25Simonovic.pdf|journal=Sapienza Università di Roma|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-date=2019-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223064909/https://web.uniroma1.it/dottcomparch/sites/default/files/25Simonovic.pdf|url-status=dead}}

File:Bežanijski_Blokovi_crop.jpg|The brutalist blokovi of Novi Beograd

File:Novi Beograd - Telephone Central Office, south view.jpg|Telephone central office, Novi Beograd

With 1950s decentralization and liberalization policies in SFR Yugoslavia, architecture became increasingly fractured along ethnic lines. Architects increasingly focused on building with reference to the architectural heritage of their individual socialist republics in the form of critical regionalism.{{Cite web|url=https://pinupmagazine.org/articles/yugoslavia-concrete-utopia-moma-exhibition-david-huber|title=YUGOTOPIA: The Glory Days of Yugoslav Architecture On Display|last=Entertainment|first=The only biannual Magazine for Architectural|website=pinupmagazine.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-05}}

Growing distinction of individual ethnic architectural identities within Yugoslavia was exacerbated with the 1972 decentralization of the formerly centralized historical preservation authority, providing individual regions further opportunity to critically analyze their own cultural narratives.

{{Gallery

|title= International style

|File:Continental_Hotel,_Belgrade,_Serbia._Looking_up.jpg|Crowne Plaza Belgrade by Stojan Maksimović, 1979

|File:Novi_Beograd_-_Hotel_Hyatt_02.jpg|Hyatt Regency Belgrade, 1990

|File:Belgrade-avio-museum.jpg|Museum of Aviation (Belgrade), by Ivan Štraus 1989

}}

{{main|List of architectural projects in Belgrade}}

The international style, which had arrived in Yugoslavia already in the 1980s, took over the scene in Belgrade after the wars and isolation of the 1990s. Big real estate projects, including Sava City and the redevelopment of the Ušće Towers, led the ground, with little respect for the local architecturale heritage.

In 2015, an agreement was reached with Eagle Hills (a UAE company) on the Belgrade Waterfront (Beograd na vodi) deal, for the construction of a new part of the city on currently undeveloped wasteland by the riverside. This project, officially started in 2015 and is one of the largest urban development projects in Europe, will cost at least 3.5 billion euros.{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradewaterfront.com/en/project-phases |title=Project Phases |access-date=2015-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828212417/http://www.belgradewaterfront.com/en/project-phases |archive-date=28 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraf.rs/vesti/beograd/1541559-sinisa-mali-beograd-na-vodi-najveci-projekat-u-evropi|title = Siniša Mali: "Beograd na vodi" najveći projekat u Evropi}}

According to Srdjan Garcevic, "Vaguely contemporary but somehow cheap-looking, it is planted illegally in the middle of the city on unstable soil – serving the interests of the anonymous lucky few."[https://balkaninsight.com/2018/07/25/serbia-s-history-is-carved-in-stone-in-belgrade-07-23-2018/ Balkan Insight], Serbia’s History is Carved in Stone in Belgrade

File:Савоград.JPG|Sava City (Savograd), by Mario Jobst and Miodrag Trpković (2004-2010)

File:Universiade_Belgrade_2009_1.jpg|Belville, Belgrade (Block 67)

File:Novi_most.jpg|Ada Bridge (2008-2011)

File:Intelligent Building B2 in Belgrade - 2.jpg|Intelligent Building B2

File:Belgrade Waterfront 9.jpg|Beograd na vodi

• Architectural projects under construction in Belgrade
• Architecture of Serbia
• Gates of Belgrade
• List of notable buildings in Belgrade
• List of notable streets and squares in Belgrade
• Religious architecture in Belgrade

{{reflist}}

{{Belgrade Architecture}}

{{Serbian architecture}}

{{Architecture of Europe}}

Category:Brutalist architecture in Serbia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Architecture Of Belgrade}}

Category:Architecture in Serbia

Belgrade