Arctocephalus
{{Short description|Genus of carnivores}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Seal_0906.jpg
| image_caption = New Zealand fur seal
| taxon = Arctocephalus
| authority = É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier in F. Cuvier, 1826
| type_species = "Phoca ursina"{{MSW3|id=14000997}}
| type_species_authority = Schreber, 1775
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Arctocephalus gazella
| range_map = Arctocephalus.png
| range_map_caption = {{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{{legend|yellow|A. townsendi}}
{{legend|#377eb8|A. galapagoensis}}
{{legend|red|A. philippii}}
{{legend|#E000E0|A. australis}}
{{col-break}}
{{legend|#00A0A0|A. gazella}}
{{legend|#ff7f00|A. tropicalis}}
{{legend|#00A000|A. pusillus}}
{{legend|purple|A. forsteri}}
{{col-end}}
| synonyms = * Arctophoca
- Cynophoca
}}
The genus Arctocephalus consists of the southern fur seals. Arctocephalus translates to "bear head."
Taxonomy
The number of species within the genus has been questioned, primarily based on limited molecular data. The issue is complicated because some of the species are able to produce fertile hybrids. A recent review recommended the retention of seven species, deprecating the New Zealand fur seals to a subspecies of the South American fur seal, while also questioning the status of the Guadalupe fur seal.{{cite journal |author1=Berta, A. |author2=Churchill, M. | year = 2012 | title = Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies | journal = Mammal Review | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–234 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x}} Other recent studies have indicated the genus may be paraphyletic, and some taxonomic reshuffling was previously done to account for this; however, more recent studies support it being monophyletic, with the alleged paraphyly being a consequence of incomplete lineage sorting.{{cite journal | author = Yonezawa, T. | year = 2009 | title = The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere | journal = Gene | volume = 441 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 89–99 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022 | pmid=19254754|display-authors=etal}}{{Cite journal|last1=Lopes|first1=Fernando|last2=Oliveira|first2=Larissa R|last3=Kessler|first3=Amanda|last4=Beux|first4=Yago|last5=Crespo|first5=Enrique|last6=Cárdenas-Alayza|first6=Susana|last7=Majluf|first7=Patricia|last8=Sepúlveda|first8=Maritza|last9=Brownell|first9=Robert L|last10=Franco-Trecu|first10=Valentina|last11=Páez-Rosas|first11=Diego|date=2020-12-26|title=Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa099|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=70|issue=4|pages=786–802|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syaa099|pmid=33367817 |issn=1063-5157|hdl=10923/20564|hdl-access=free}}
=Extant Species=
{{Species table |genus=Arctocephalus |authority-name= É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier |authority-year=1826 |species-count=eight|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Antarctic fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus gazella
|image=File:091130 rosita bay south georgia 2563 (4172615911).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Peters |authority-year=1875 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Subantarctic islands |range-image=File:Antarctic Fur Seal area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size=Male: {{convert|180|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|130|-|200|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
Female: {{convert|120|-|140|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|22|-|50|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}{{cite iucn |last1=Hofmeyr |first1=G. J. G. |title=Arctocephalus gazella |volume=2016 |page=e.T2058A66993062 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en}}
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine
|hunting=Krill, cephalopods, fish, and penguins
|iucn-status=LC |population=700,000–1,000,000
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Guadalupe fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus townsendi
|image=File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Merriam |authority-year=1897 |authority-not-original=no
|range=
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus townsendi distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Juan Fernández fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus philippii
|image=File:Lobo fino.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Peters |authority-year=1866 |authority-not-original=no
|range=
|range-image=File:Juan Fernandez Fur Seal area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Galápagos fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus galapagoensis
|image=File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Heller |authority-year= 1904 |authority-not-original=no
|range=Galápagos Islands |range-image=File:Galapagos Fur Seal area.png |range-image-size=144px
|size=Male: {{convert|150|-|160|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|60|-|68|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
Female: {{convert|110|-|130|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|27|-|33|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}{{cite iucn |last1=Trillmich |first1=F. |title=Arctocephalus galapagoensis |volume=2015 |page=e.T2057A45223722 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en}}
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine
|hunting=Small squids and a variety of fish
|iucn-status=EN |population=10,000
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Brown fur seal or Cape fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus pusillus
|image=File:Seals at Cape Cross, Namibia (3046555706).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= Schreber |authority-year=1775 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|A. p. pusillus (Cape/South African fur seal)
|A. p. doriferus (Australian fur seal)
}}
|range=Southern African and Australian coasts (dark blue indicates breeding grounds) |range-image=File:Arctocephalus pusillus distribution.png |range-image-size=180px
|size=Male: {{convert|201|-|227|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|218|-|360|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
Female: {{convert|136|-|171|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|41|-|113|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}{{cite iucn |last1=Hofmeyr |first1=G. J. G. |title=Arctocephalus pusillus |volume=2015 |page=e.T2060A45224212 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en}}
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine
|hunting=A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and sometimes African penguins and other seabirds
|iucn-status=LC |population=1,060,000
|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=New Zealand fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus forsteri
|image=File:Fur seal posing on top of the rocks.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= Lesson |authority-year=1828 |authority-not-original=no
|range=
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus forsteri distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Subantarctic fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus tropicalis
|image=File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gray |authority-year= 1872 |authority-not-original=no
|range=
|range-image=File:Subantarctic Fur Seal area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=South American fur seal |binomial=Arctocephalus australis
|image=File:SAFS Falklands.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Zimmermann |authority-year=1783 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus australis distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/end}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Carnivora|C1.}}
{{Pan-Pinnipedia|O.|state=autocollapse}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q776652}}