Argo 16
{{short description|Italian Air Force C-47 Dakota that crashed in 1973}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = "Argo 16"
| image = Douglas C-47 Skytrain (DC-3), Italy - Air Force AN1011460.jpg
| caption = An Italian Air Force Douglas C-47 similar to the aircraft involved
| occurrence_type =
| date = 23 November 1973
| type = Not confirmed
| coordinates =
| passengers = 0
| crew = 4
| fatalities = 4
| survivors = 0
| aircraft_type = Douglas C-47 Dakota
| tail_number = MM61832
| origin = Lybia
| stopover = Malta
| operator = Italian Air Force
}}
Argo 16 was the codename of an Italian Air Force C-47 Dakota aircraft, registration MM61832, used by 306th Group of the Flight Department of the General Staff (RVSM, then 31st Wing) of the Italian Air Force.
Crash
On November 23, 1973, Argo 16 crashed near Porto Marghera shortly after taking off from Venice Airport, killing the crew, Colonel Anano Borreo, Lieutenant Colonel Mario Grande, Engineer Aldo Schiavone and Radio Operator Francesco Bernardini. The plane crashed into a building belonging to the Data Processing Center of the Montedison oil complex, with the wreckage hitting the parking lot, the research center and the administrative offices of Montefibre, but without causing any further casualties.{{Cite web |date=2020-11-25 |title=Argo 16 |url=https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/controcultura/storia/argo-16-gladio/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125042606/https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/controcultura/storia/argo-16-gladio/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 }}
Shortly after boarding the plane and before taking off, SID lieutenant Giuseppe Cismondi received a radio communication ordering the plane to head toward the NATO base in Aviano. Cismondi was then forced to disembark from the plane. Argo 16 then took off for Aviano, but after a few minutes the latter crashed into the Montefibre factory in Porto Marghera.
Usage
Admiral Fulvio Martini declared during a hearing at the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on terrorism in Italy that the code name of the plane Argo 16, was named for the giant mythological all-seeing Argus Panoptes. The aeroplane conducted electronic observation missions in the Adriatic Sea for the Secret Service against the Yugoslavian radar network.{{Cite web |title=Audizione del 27 luglio 1999 |trans-title=Hearing of 27 July 1999 |url=https://www.parlamento.it/773?shadow_organo=405513 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.parlamento.it |language=it}} According to Luigi, Borreo`s father, the commander of the crew of the Argo 16, Anano Borreo, feared for his life: he was aware that his work placed him at the centre of delicate and dangerous situations.
Some journalistic sources claimed that the plane with registration MM61832 was also used by Gladio for the transport of men to the Centro Addestramento Guastatori, a training base located in Capo Marrargiu, Sardinia, and for the transport of NASCO weapons to secret depots of the "gladiators".{{Cite web |title=Articolo del Corriere della Sera del 17 dicembre 1999. |trans-title=Article from Corriere della Sera, December 17, 1999. |url=https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=archivio.corriere.it |language=it}}Philip P. Willan, Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy (p. 154), iUniverse, 2002.
The plane was also used to accompany a group of Arab terrorists back to Tripoli who were blocked on 5 September 1973 while they were preparing to launch a missile from a terrace in Ostia at an Israeli airline jet.{{Cite book |last=Fanelli |first=Raffella |title=La strage continua. La vera storia dell'omicidio di Mino Pecorelli |publisher=Ponte alle Grazie |year=2020 |pages=193–194 |language=it |trans-title=The massacre continues. The true story of the murder of Mino Pecorelli}}
= Retaliation thesis for the ''lodo Moro'' =
The liberation of the Arabs was requested by the PLO headed by Yasser Arafat, in exchange for that release the PLO would do its utmost not to carry out any other act of terrorism on Italian soil,Sergio Flamigni, La tela del ragno. Il delitto Moro (pp. 197-198), Kaos edizioni, 2003.Tribunale di Venezia, procedimento penale nº204 del 1983, pagine 1161-1163.
According to information given during a hearing filed with the Italian Senate on January 20, 2009, the existence of this pact with its validity of over a decade was confirmed by Bassam Abu Sharif, the "historical" leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, by the lawyer Giovanni Pellegrino, by the senator Francesco Cossiga and by the judge Rosario Priore (who was the investigator of the proceedings relating to the kidnapping of Aldo Moro).
Although it is a fact that Italian foreign policy under the regency of Aldo Moro at the Farnesina followed a more pro-Arab direction, the timing of the replacement of the "lodo De Gasperi " with the "lodo Moro ",{{Cite web |date=2012-12-13 |title="Lodo Moro": prevenire e vietare in Italia il manifestarsi del sanguinoso conflitto israelo-palestinese - Il Manifesto in rete |trans-title="Lodo Moro": Prevent and prohibit the manifestation of the bloody Israeli-Palestinian conflict in Italy |url=https://www.ilmanifestoinrete.it/2012/12/13/lodo-moro-prevenire-e-vietare-in-italia-il-manifestarsi-del-sanguinoso-conflitto-israelo-palestinese/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=it-IT}} in relations with the world of Middle Eastern intelligence, does not fully match the story of the end of the Argo 16 plane. Since many sources place the commitment undertaken by Moro following the Fiumicino massacre (1973),{{Cite web |date=2011-04-16 |title=Il "Lodo Moro", intervista a Gian Paolo Pelizzaro |trans-title="The "Lodo Moro", interview with Gian Paolo Pelizzaro" |url=https://www.segretidistato.it/2011/04/il-lodo-moro-intervista-a-gian-paolo-pelizzaro/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=✔ Segreti di Stato - LR ✔ |language=it-IT}} it would not have been possible to react in November to an event that had yet to happen;{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=Affare Moro: 180 secondi per una strage |url=http://apocalisselaica.net/affare-moro-180-secondi-per-una-strage/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060254/http://apocalisselaica.net/affare-moro-180-secondi-per-una-strage/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 }} therefore, other sources maintain that the commitment was decided before,{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title=Fu il Lodo Moro a tenere gli italiani al sicuro a Beirut nell'82 |trans-title=It was the Moro Law that kept Italians safe in Beirut in '82 La Stampa, 2 July 2017 |url=https://www.lastampa.it/esteri/2017/07/02/news/fu-il-lodo-moro-a-tenere-gli-italiani-al-sicuro-a-beirut-nell-82-1.34445611/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=Da Israele ai blitz in Italia I terroristi indossavano la kefia |url=http://www.iltempo.it/cronache/2013/10/10/da-israele-ai-blitz-in-italia-i-terroristi-indossavano-la-kefia-1.1179237?locallinksenabled=false |access-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145954/http://www.iltempo.it/cronache/2013/10/10/da-israele-ai-blitz-in-italia-i-terroristi-indossavano-la-kefia-1.1179237?locallinksenabled=false |archive-date=8 December 2015 }} and that it was only "stipulated" formally after the 1973 Fiumicino massacre.
Causes
In 1999 the Corte d'assise of the Venice Tribunal declared that the cause had to be attributed to an accident, effectively excluding any intervention by the Mossad,{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=Addio al generale Cismondi, fu a capo di Gladio nel Nordest |url=https://www.messaggeroveneto.it/cronaca/addio-al-generale-cismondi-fu-a-capo-di-gladio-nel-nordest-so84aj2y |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Messaggero Veneto |language=it}} but other theories on the causes of the accident have also been put forward without however providing concrete and adequate evidence.
During an episode of an Italian television program aired in 1990 and focused on the Argo 16 case, General Geraldo Serravalle, head of Gladio from 1971 to 1974, declared that although there is a widespread opinion that the cause was sabotage by the Israeli secret services, it was probable that the explosion was caused by the gladiators themselves who refused to hand over their weapons.{{Cite web |title=Gladio terrorism Italian parliamentary committees, Indep 1 Dec 1990 |url=http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.cambridgeclarion.org}}{{Cite web |date=1990-11-29 |title=L' OMBRA DEI GLADIATORI SULL' ATTENTATO AD ARGO 16 - la Repubblica.it |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/11/29/ombra-dei-gladiatori-sull-attentato-ad.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Archivio - la Repubblica.it |language=it}} Giovanni Pellegrino, former president of the italian commissione stragi, was of the same opinion and believed that the cause should be sought based on the use made of the plane by Gladio.
In 2000 General Gianadelio Maletti (SID) stated during an interview with a journalist of the italian newspaper la Repubblica that the plane was returning from Libya after having released five palestinians involved in a failed attack in Ostia and arrested and that an "unfortunate stop" in Malta officially confirmed to the israeli secret services what was happening. He also declared that he had been contacted by Asa Leven the then head of the israeli secret services station in Rome before that operation and that he was aware of the italian government's intentions he proposed to collaborate to kidnap the five and extradite them to Jerusalem but he said "nothing will be done" and "argo 16 crashes".{{Cite web |date=2008-05-15 |title=Almanacco dei misteri d'Italia - intervista del gen. Gianadelio Maletti a La Repubblica |url=http://www.almanaccodeimisteri.info/repubblicaMaletti.htm |access-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515060646/http://www.almanaccodeimisteri.info/repubblicaMaletti.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008 }}
Trial
In March 1997, Italian judge Carlo Mastelloni incriminated 22 Italian Air Force officers on charges of suppression, falsification and subtraction of documents concerning state security. In his opinion, in fact, "those who over the years have been involved in the investigation have systematically concealed, falsified or destroyed every element that could lead to the right path".{{Cite news |title=Articolo del Corriere della Sera del 28 marzo 1997 |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1997/marzo/28/Argo_Mastelloni_incrimina_ufficiali_Nascosero_co_0_97032813665.shtml |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=archivio.corriere.it |language=it}} Among those accused of the massacre were Zvi Zamir, former head of the Mossad, and Asa Leven, former head of the Mossad in Italy.{{Cite web |title=Articolo del Corriere della sera del 16 dicembre 1998. |url=https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=archivio.corriere.it |language=it}}
Finally, 9 officers, officials and consultants of the SID and SISMI were sent to trial. The Italian Public prosecutor Remo Smitti asked for an eight-year sentence for Maletti, Viezzer and Lehmann, an acquittal for all the others and an acquittal for Zvi Zamir, considered by Mastelloni to be the instigator of the sabotage. The defense lawyers managed to dismantle all the charges and on December 16, 1999 the judges concluded the trial by establishing that the plane crashed due to a failure or pilot error.{{Cite web |title=Articolo del Corriere della Sera del 17 dicembre 1999. |url=https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=archivio.corriere.it}}
References
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{{WikidataCoord}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1973}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Italy}}
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Italy
Category:Conspiracy theories in Europe
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1973
Category:Accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
Category:November 1973 in Europe
Category:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1973
Category:Terrorist incidents in Italy in the 1970s
Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas C-47 Skytrain