Arianespace

The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several European nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan-national organisation, the European Space Agency (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973.Harvey 2003, pp. 161-162. Prior to the ESA's formation, France had been lobbying for the development of a new European expendable launch system to serve as a replacement for the Europa rocket. Accordingly, one of the first programmes launched by the ESA was the Ariane heavy launcher.Harvey 2003, p. 161. The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit.Harvey 2003, pp. 161-166.

File:Ariane 1 Le Bourget FRA 001.jpg mock-up]]

France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme.Harvey 2003, p. 166. French aerospace manufacturer Aérospatiale served as the prime contractor and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer Société Européenne de Propulsion (SEP) provided the first, second and third stage engines (the third stage engines were produced in partnership with German aerospace manufacturer MBB). Other major companies involved included the French firms Air Liquide and Matra, Swedish manufacturer Volvo, and German aircraft producer Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Development of the third stage was a major focus point for the project - prior to Ariane, only the United States had ever flown a launcher that utilised hydrogen-powered upper stages.Harvey 2003, pp. 165-166.

Immediately following the successful first test launch of an Ariane 1 on 24 December 1979, the French space agency Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, Arianespace, for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations.Harvey 2003, p. 169.{{Cite conference |last1=Jaeger, Ralph-W. |last2=Claudon, Jean-Louis |date=May 1986 |title=Ariane — The first commercial space transportation system |conference=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science |location=Tokyo, Japan |publisher=AGNE Publishing, Inc. |publication-date=1986 |volume=2 |bibcode=1986spte.conf.1431J |id=A87-32276 13-12}} According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company.{{Cite web |title=Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world's first launch services company |url=http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218002917/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html |archive-date=18 February 2008 |access-date=7 March 2008 |publisher=arianespace.com}} Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a turbopump having failed in the third stage.Harvey 2003, pp. 170-172. The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986.Harvey 2003, p. 172. As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA formally transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace.

By early 1986, the Ariane 1, along with its Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 derivates, were the dominant launcher on the world market.{{Cite web |date=3 May 2004 |title=Ariane 1,2,3 |url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html |access-date=28 September 2009 |website=Ariane 1 |publisher=European Space Agency}} The Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were short-lived platforms while the more extensive Ariane 4 was being developed; it was a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its family, having been intended from the onset to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes.Harvey 2003, p. 178. Despite this, the Ariane 4 was actually 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3.Harvey 2003, p. 180.

On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted. This maiden flight was considered a success, having placed multiple satellites into orbit. For the V50 launch onwards, an improved third stage, known as the H10+, was adopted for the Ariane 4, which raised the rocket's overall payload capacity by 110 kg and increased its burn time by 20 seconds.Harvey 2003, p. 183.

File:Ariane42P rocket.png on launch pad]]

Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4 in 1988, development of a successor, designated as the Ariane 5, had already commenced.Harvey 2003, pp. 184-185. In January 1985, the Ariane 5 was officially adopted as an ESA programme, and began an eleven-year development and test program to the first launch in 1996. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes and at a 20 per cent cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport astronauts using the proposed Hermes space vehicle.Harvey 2003, p. 185. Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the mature Ariane 4 platform to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was reportedly for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme.Harvey 2003, p. 186. For several years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5.Harvey 2003, p. 193.

During the mid-1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino (BPD), held discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Simultaneously, Italy championed the concept of a new solid-propellant satellite launcher, referred to as Vega.{{Cite web |last=1996-12-18T00:00:00+00:00 |title=Launcher proposals |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/launcher-proposals/4788.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=1998-04-08T00:00:00+01:00 |title=ESA plan emphasises launchers |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/esa-plan-emphasises-launchers/20461.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} During March 2003, contracts for Vega's development were signed by the ESA and CNES; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder.{{Cite web |last=2003-03-04T00:00:00+00:00 |title=Europe starts Vega development |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/europe-starts-vega-development/47237.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana.{{Cite web |last=2004-05-25T00:00:00+01:00 |title=Vega nears maiden flight |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/vega-nears-maiden-flight/54595.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega took place; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight".{{Cite web |last=Thisdell2012-02-13T17:39:00+00:00 |first=Dan |title=Vega maiden launch goes to plan |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/space/vega-maiden-launch-goes-to-plan/104015.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Thisdell2012-02-22T10:30:00+00:00 |first=Dan |title=Success of Vega rocket flight boosts Avio profile |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/success-of-vega-rocket-flight-boosts-avio-profile/104173.article |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Flight Global |language=en}} Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and Sun-synchronous orbits.{{Cite web |title=Vega — Performance |url=http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-vega/performance.asp |publisher=Arianespace}}

During 2002, the ESA announced the Arianespace Soyuz programme in cooperation with Russia; a launch site for Soyuz was constructed as the Guiana Space Centre, while the Soyuz launch vehicle was modified for use at the site. On 4 February 2005, both funding and final approval for the initiative were granted.{{Cite web |date=26 May 2003 |title=Access to space today and tomorrow: what does Europe need? |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Access_to_space_today_and_tomorrow_what_does_Europe_need.html |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Space Daily}}{{Cite web |date=5 February 2004 |title=Europe takes key decisions to ensure the long-term viability of its launcher sector |url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-feature-story/2004/2004_02_05_key_European_decisions.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212210835/http://arianespace.com/news-feature-story/2004/2004_02_05_key_European_decisions.asp |archive-date=12 December 2010 |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Arianespace}} Arianespace had offered launch services on the modified Soyuz ST-B to its clients.{{Cite web |date=March 2012 |title=Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual |url=http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Soyuz-Users-Manual-March-2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121742/http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Soyuz-Users-Manual-March-2012.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=Arianespace |issue=2}}{{Cite web |last=Stephen Clark |date=21 August 2014 |title=Europe's Galileo navigation system set for expansion |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/soyuz/vs09/140821preview/ |access-date=27 August 2014 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}} On 21 October 2011, Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former Soviet territory. The payload consisted of two Galileo navigation satellites.{{Cite web |title=Arianespace Launches First European Soyuz |url=http://interspacenews.com/tabid/130/Arianespace_Launches_First_European_Soyuz.aspx?id=7475 |access-date=17 December 2011 |publisher=Interspacenews.com}} Since 2011, Arianespace has ordered a total of 23 Soyuz rockets, enough to cover its needs until 2019 at a pace of three to four launches per year.{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Arianespace's Soyuz order to cover market until 2019 |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/07soyuz/ |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}{{Cite web |title=Arianespace Annual report 2013 |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/Arianespace-Annual-Report-2013-EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093716/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/Arianespace-Annual-Report-2013-EN.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Arianespace |page=10}}

On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one-year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the Moon to mine regolith.{{Cite web |last=Wehner |first=Mike |date=23 January 2019 |title=Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025 |url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/23/mining-on-the-moon-could-be-a-reality-as-early-as-2025/ |access-date=23 January 2019 |website=New York Post}}

In 2020, Arianespace suspended operations for nearly two months due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Operations were suspended on 18 March and are, as of 29 April, expected to resume on 11 May.{{Cite web |date=29 April 2020 |title=Arianespace set the dates for its return to action |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/arianespace-set-dates-return-action/}} The return to operations will observe a number of new health and safety guidelines including social distancing in the workplace.

In 2023, Ariane 5 was retired with the introduction of new Ariane 6, that conducted its maiden flight on 9 July 2024.

In August 2024, the ESA agreed to allow Avio—the prime contractor for the ESA-funded Vega{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/esa-approval-paves-way-for-ariane-6-vega-contracts/ |title=ESA Approval Paves Way for Ariane 6, Vega-Contracts|date=17 July 2015 |website=spacenews.com}}—to directly commercialize Vega C and seek non-governmental customers. Arianespace had handled marketing of Vega launches prior to that time. The transition is anticipated to be complete by the end of 2025.{{Cite web |last=Robinson-Smith |first=Will |date=3 September 2024 |title=ESA targets Wednesday night for swan song launch of its Vega rocket |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/09/03/esa-prepares-to-launch-swan-song-mission-for-its-vega-rocket/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Spaceflight Now |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Parsonson |first=Andrew |date=2024-07-08 |title=Could Avio's Finalized Split from Arianespace Offer an Opening for Competitors? |url=https://europeanspaceflight.com/could-avios-finalized-split-from-arianespace-offer-an-opening-for-competitors/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=European Spaceflight |language=en-US}}

File:Sentinel-2 and vega.jpg launcher on launch pad]]

Arianespace "is the marketing and sales organization for the European space industry and various component suppliers."

{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ-7nNw-04Q&t=1745 |title=Singapore Satellite Industry Forum 2013 - Changing the Launch Game? |date=23 June 2013 |type=video |publisher=Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia |at=29:05 |access-date=14 April 2018 |via=YouTube |people=Mr. Richard}}

The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its suppliers,{{why|date=September 2019}} in various European nations.{{Cite news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |date=20 November 2014 |title=Europe's Satellite Operators Urge Swift Development of Ariane 6 |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42610europe%E2%80%99s-satellite-operators-urge-swift-development-of-ariane-6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141121025726/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42610europe%E2%80%99s-satellite-operators-urge-swift-development-of-ariane-6 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=21 November 2014 |work=SpaceNews |quote=France-based Arianespace has responded by squeezing, to a limited degree, its supplier base. But Ariane 5 builders are also Arianespace shareholders, limiting the company's leverage on them.}} Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008,[https://web.archive.org/web/20080918045636/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp Corporate information > Shareholders], Arianespace, 8 September 2008, accessed 16 April 2008. 21 in 2014,{{Cite web |title=Shareholders |url=http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008022811/http://www.arianespace.com/about-us-corporate-information/shareholders.asp |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arianespace}} and just 17 {{as of|October 2018|lc=y}}.{{Cite web |title=Company profile – Repartition of Arianespace capital |url=http://www.arianespace.com/company-profile/ |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=Arianespace}}

In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the Ariane 6 carrier rocket. Industrial groups Airbus and Safran pooled their shares along with the French government's CNES stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.{{Cite news |last=Gallois |first=Dominique |date=10 June 2015 |title=Le gouvernement privatise Arianespace |trans-title=Government privatizes Arianespace |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/06/10/le-gouvernement-privatise-arianespace_4650837_3234.html |access-date=25 October 2018 |work=Le Monde |language=fr}}

{{Main|Space launch market competition}}

By 2004, Arianespace reportedly held more than 50% of the world market for boosting satellites to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).{{Cite book |last=McCormick |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0/page/273 |title=The European Union |date=2004 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3 |edition=3rd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0/page/273 273]}}

During the 2010s, the disruptive force represented by the new sector entrant SpaceX forced Arianespace to cut back on its workforce and focus on cost-cutting to decrease costs to remain competitive against the new low-cost entrant in the launch sector. In the midst of pricing pressure from such companies, during November 2013, Arianespace announced that it was enacting pricing flexibility for the "lighter satellites" that it carries to Geostationary orbits aboard its Ariane 5.{{Cite news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |date=25 November 2013 |title=SpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131127055319/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013 |work=Space News |quote=The Arianespace commercial launch consortium is telling its customers it is open to reducing the cost of flights for lighter satellites on the Ariane 5 rocket in response to the challenge posed by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.}} According to Arianespace's managing director: "It's quite clear there's a very significant challenge coming from SpaceX (...) therefore things have to change (...) and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined."{{Cite news |last=Ramli |first=David |date=19 May 2015 |title=NBN launcher Arianespace to cut jobs and costs to fight SpaceX |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/nbn-launcher-arianespace-to-cut-jobs-and-costs-to-fight-spacex-20150519-gh4i4x.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)}}

During early 2014, Arianespace was considering requesting additional subsidies from European governments to face competition from SpaceX and unfavorable changes in the Euro-Dollar exchange rate. The company had halved subsidy support by €100m per year since 2002 but the fall in the value of the US Dollar meant Arianespace was losing €60m per year due to currency fluctuations on launch contracts.{{Cite news |last=Svitak |first=Amy |date=11 February 2014 |title=Arianespace To ESA: We Need Help |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_02_11_2014_p0-663010.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221222957/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_02_11_2014_p0-663010.xml |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 |work=Aviation Week}} SpaceX had reportedly begun to take market share from Arianespace, Eutelsat CEO Michel de Rosen, a major customer of Arianespace, stated that: "Each year that passes will see SpaceX advance, gain market share and further reduce its costs through economies of scale."

By September 2014, Arianespace had reportedly to sign four additional contracts for lower slots on an Ariane 5 SYLDA dispenser for satellites that otherwise could be flown on a SpaceX launch vehicle; this was claimed to have been allowed via cost reductions; it had signed a total of 11 contracts by that point, while two additional ones that were under advanced negotiations. At the time, Arianespace has a backlog of launches worth {{Euro|4.5}} billion with 38 satellites to be launched on Ariane 5, 7 on Soyuz and 9 on Vega, claiming 60% of the global satellite launch market.{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=Arianespace nets four commercial launch contracts |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1409/08ariane5contracts/ |access-date=9 September 2014}}{{Cite press release |title=World Satellite Business Week 2014: A rich harvest of contracts for Arianespace |date=8 September 2014 |url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/9-8-2014-Euroconsult2014.asp |access-date=9 September 2014}}{{Cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Europe's Arianespace Claims 60% Of The Commercial Launch Market |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/09/08/europes-arianespace-claims-60-of-the-commercial-launch-market/ |access-date=9 September 2014 |website=Forbes}} However, since 2017, Arianespace's market share has been passed by SpaceX in commercial launches.{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Brian |title=After Four Years of Being Crushed by SpaceX, Europe Forms a Working Group |url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/03/after-four-years-of-being-crushed-by-spacex-europe-forms-a-working-group.html |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=NextBigfuture}}

File:Arianespace mockups (37108595462).jpg, Vega C, Soyuz-2, Ariane 5, and Ariane 6. Sales of Vega, Soyuz-2 and Ariane 5 were later discontinued.]]

Currently, Arianespace operates three launch vehicles:

{{Main|Ariane (rocket family)}}

Since the first launch in 1979, there have been several versions of the Ariane launch vehicle:

• Ariane 1, first successful launch on 24 December 1979
• Ariane 2, first successful launch on 20 November 1987 (the first launch on 30 May 1986, failed)
• Ariane 3, first successful launch on 4 August 1984
• Ariane 4, first successful launch on 15 June 1988
• Ariane 5, first successful launch on 30 October 1997 (the first launch on 4 June 1996, failed).
• Ariane 6, It has a similar payload capacity to that of Ariane 5 but considerably lower costs. Its first flight took place on 9 July 2024.{{Cite web |title=Ariane 6 inaugural launch targeted for 9 July |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/Ariane_6_inaugural_launch_targeted_for_9_July |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}
• Ariane Next, in early development. It will be a partially reusable launcher that should succeed Ariane 6 from the 2030s. The objective of this reusable launcher is to halve the launch costs.{{Cite conference |last=Patureau de Mirand |first=Antoine |date=July 2019 |title=Ariane Next, a vision for a reusable cost-efficient European rocket |url=https://www.eucass.eu/index.php/component/docindexer/?task=download&id=5506 |format=PDF |conference=8th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences |doi=10.13009/EUCASS2019-949 |access-date=18 August 2021}}

{{Portal| Spaceflight |France|Companies}}

• French space program
• Europa rocket
• NewSpace

• United Launch Alliance
• International Launch Services
• SpaceX
• Antrix Corporation

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• Harvey, Brian. Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond. Springer Science & Business Media, 2003. {{ISBN|1-8523-3722-2}}.

{{Refend}}

{{Ariane}}

{{Arianespace launches}}

{{Satcomm}}

{{ESA projects}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Aerospace companies of France

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Category:Commercial launch service providers

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