Arisaema
{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Arisaema triphyllum.jpg
|image_caption = Arisaema triphyllum
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Arisaema
|authority = Mart.
|synonyms = *Alocasia Neck. ex Raf.
- Dochafa Schott
- Muricauda Small
- Flagellarisaema Nakai
- Heteroarisaema Nakai
- Pleuriarum Nakai
- Ringentiarum Nakai
|range_map = Arisaema distribution.svg
|range_map_caption = Range of the genus Arisaema.
| diversity = About 212 species
| diversity_link = List of Arisaema species
}}
Image:Whipcord_Cobra_Lily.jpg]]
Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America.[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=15221 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe.Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102590 Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831. ][http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102590 Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.]
Classification and relationships
The closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be Pinellia and Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be paraphyletic, having given rise to Arisaema and other genera).{{citation | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.6.881 | title = A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa | year = 2004 | author = Renner, S. S. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 6 | pages = 881–8 | last2 = Zhang | first2 = L.-B. | last3 = Murata | first3 = J. | pmid=21653444| url = http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-14634-6 }} One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of Sequential hermaphroditism. Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition and genetics,{{citation | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729 | title = Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae) | year = 2003 | author = Vitt, P. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 1729–35 | last2 = Holsinger | first2 = K. E. | last3 = Jones | first3 = C. S. | pmid=21653349| doi-access = free }} and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more).
=Sections=
A phylogenetic study in 2016 by Ohi-toma et. al recognized 15 sections in the genus.{{cite journal | last1=Ohi-Toma | first1=Tetsuo | last2=Wu | first2=Sugong | last3=Murata | first3=Hiroko | last4=Murata | first4=Jin | title=An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=182 | issue=1 | date=2016-06-30 | issn=0024-4074 | doi=10.1111/boj.12459 | pages=100–114| doi-access=free }}
Species
:See: List of Arisaema species
Plants of the World Online accepts around 212 accepted species {{as of|2025|February}}.{{cite web | title=Plants of the World Online | website=Plants of the World Online | date=2020-07-28 | url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328148-2#children | access-date=2025-02-02}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last1=Gusman |first1=Guy |last2=Gusman |first2=Liliane |title=The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers |date=2006 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |location=Ruggell |isbn=0881928399 |pages=1–474 |edition=2nd}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=Robert |last2=Stoneburner |first2=Ann |title=A review of Arisaema (Araceae) in North America |journal=Aroideana |date=2022 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=553–583 |issn=2310-0745 |url=http://www.namethatplant.net/PDFs/Arisaema_Aroideana_Wyatt&Stoneburner_2022.pdf |access-date=16 April 2025}}
External links
{{Commons category|Arisaema}}
- [http://www.aroid.org/genera/arisaema/herold Arisaema information and links]
- [http://www.wschowa.com/abrimaal/araceum/arisaema/arisaema.htm Arisaema links and information]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706054403/http://plantbuzz.com/RockGard/Woodland/Arisaema/Arisaema_gal1.htm Arisaema pictures]
- [http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H46.htm Jack in the Pulpit information]
- [http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/arisaema/index_arisaema.htm Arisaema Home Page] - Japanese Arisaema pictures
- {{cite journal |last1=Spaulding |first1=Daniel D. |last2=Barger |first2=T. Wayne |last3=Horne |first3=Howard E. |last4=Finzel |first4=Brian J. |title=Flora of Northern Alabama, part 4: Basal Monocots |journal=Phytoneuron |date=29 October 2019 |volume=2019-47 |pages=39–49 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/2019Phytoneuron/47PhytoN-AlabamaFlora4.pdf |access-date=7 February 2023 |issn=2153-733X}}
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{{Authority control}}