Arnold E. True
{{Infobox military person
|name=Arnold Ellsworth True
|birth_date= {{birth date|1901|1|23}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|1979|11|12|1901|1|23}}
|image= Arnold Ellsworth True.jpg
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_name=
|birth_place= Owenton, Kentucky
|death_place= Palo Alto, California
|placeofburial=
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|allegiance={{flag|United States of America}}
|branch = 25px United States Navy
|serviceyears=1917–1946
|rank=33px Rear Admiral
|unit=
|commands=USS Hammann
Destroyer Division 4
|battles= World War I
|awards= Navy Cross
Navy DSM
Bronze Star Medal
Purple Heart
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
Arnold Ellsworth True (January 23, 1901 – December 11, 1979) was a highly decorated officer in the U.S. Navy with the rank of rear admiral, who is most famous for his service as Commanding officer of the Sims-class destroyer {{USS|Hammann|DD-412|6}} during the Battle of Midway.{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt458033bb/entire_text/|title = Register of the Arnold Ellsworth True papers}}
Early life
Arnold Ellsworth True was born in Owenton, Kentucky, on January 23, 1901, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1920. His early naval career included serving in cruisers, destroyers, and other ships, as well as with airships until 1929, when he began studying Aerology and Meteorology. After receiving his Master of Science Degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1931, he practiced those disciplines in a variety of navy positions.{{cite web|url=
https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1969/06/17/extensions-of-remarks-section|title=91st Congress, 1st Session Vol. 115, Part 12, Bound Edition, Extension of Remarks, page 16266|website=congress.gov|date=June 17, 1969|access-date=December 22, 2020}}
World War II service
=USS Hammann=
Lieutenant Commander True attended the Naval War College in 1938-39 and then assumed command of the new destroyer USS Hammann (DD-412) in August 1939. His ship was part of the destroyer screen assigned to protect the USS Yorktown (CV-5) during the pivotal showdown with the Japanese Navy at The Battle of Midway. On June 6, 1942, after the carrier was damaged by Japanese dive bombers, his destroyer was ordered alongside the Yorktown to provide pumping power as part of a massive effort to keep the vessel afloat so that it could be salvaged.
According to the official navy record:
The first torpedo appeared to pass under the Hammann in the vicinity of No. 2 gun and exploded against the side of the Yorktown. The second torpedo struck the Hammann in #2 fireroom. This torpedo apparently broke the ship's back as a pronounced sag was noted in this vicinity. The forward bulkhead of forward engine room was carried away. Large quantities of oil, water, and debris were blown high into the air coming down on both Hammann and Yorktown. The Hammann was blown out from the Yorktown and aft parting all mooring lines and hoses. The commanding officer received a heavy blow in the solar plexus by being thrown against a desk in the pilot house, which rendered him temporarily unable to breathe or speak and later proved to have broken a rib.{{cite book|last=Ballantyne|first=Iain|date=December 4, 2018|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|title=The Deadly Deep: The Definitive History of Submarine Warfare|isbn=9781681779430}} The ship began to settle immediately and the Executive Officer, who was on the bridge passed the word "All hands abandon ship." By the time the Commanding Officer was able to walk from the Pilot House to the starboard wing of the bridge, the main deck forward was awash and the ship was settling rapidly by the head. Life rafts had been launched and a great number of men were on the rafts or in the water. As soon as all personnel were clear of the bridge, the Gunnery Officer, Executive Officer and Commanding Officer climbed down the outside ladder to the forecastle deck. The forecastle deck was just submerging and all three swam clear of the ship. It is estimated that the ship sunk within three to four minutes from the time of the first torpedo explosion.[https://web.archive.org/web/19990824002839/http://history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/mid9.htm Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942], Online Action Reports: Commanding Officer, USS Hammann, Serial 2 of 16 June 1942.
Hammann sank in four minutes. 80 of her crew were killed either by the initial torpedo blast, the inevitable sinking, or the setting off of her depth charges as she went down.
=After Battle of Midway=
Captain True went on to command Destroyer Division Four from late 1942 into 1943, and then the Navy Weather and Aerology billets until he retired from active duty in December 1946.{{cite web|url=https://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=20|title=Arnold True|publisher=World War II Database|author=C. Peter Chen|date=January 2005|access-date=June 17, 2020}}
Awards and decorations
During his career and service True earned numerous awards, including following:
| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="14"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Navy Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|width=106}} |
| {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|width=106}} |
| {{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Yangtze Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|other_device=a|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}} |
| {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=7|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}} |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106|alt=}} |
| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |
| 1st Row
|colspan="3"|Navy Cross |colspan="8"|Navy Distinguished Service Medal |
|---|
| 2nd Row
|colspan="2"|Bronze Star Medal |colspan="3"|Navy Commendation Medal |colspan="2"|Purple Heart |
| 3rd Row
|colspan="2"|World War I Victory Medal with Fleet Clasp |colspan="3"|Yangtze Service Medal |colspan="3"|American Defense Service Medal with "A" Device |
| 4th Row
|colspan="2"|American Campaign Medal |colspan="3"|Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven service stars |colspan="3"|World War II Victory Medal |
Retirement
Capt. True retired from active duty in December 1946, at which time he was promoted to the flag rank of rear admiral. For much of the remainder of his life, Admiral True wrote and lectured about the war in the Pacific. He died on December 11, 1979, in Palo Alto, California, at the age of 78.
References
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{{DEFAULTSORT:True, Arnold E}}
Category:People from Owen County, Kentucky
Category:United States Navy admirals
Category:United States Navy World War II admirals
Category:United States Naval Academy alumni
Category:Naval War College alumni
Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Category:United States Army personnel of World War I
Category:Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)