Arnold Meri

{{Short description|Estonian soldier allied with the Soviet Union}}

{{Infobox military person

| honorific_prefix =

| name = Arnold Meri

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| image = Arnold Meri.jpg

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| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|07|01|df=y}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|03|27|1919|07|01|df=y}}

| birth_place = Tallinn, Estonia

| death_place = Tallinn, Estonia

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| allegiance = {{flag|USSR|23px}}

| branch = Red Army

| serviceyears = 1941–1945

| rank = Colonel

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| battles = World War II

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| awards = Hero of the Soviet Union

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Arnold Meri (1 July 1919 – 27 March 2009) was a Soviet World War II veteran and the first Estonian Hero of the Soviet Union.[http://vkmtuci.edu.mhost.ru/svjaz/svjaz2e1.htm Связисты Герои Советского Союза] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225549/http://vkmtuci.edu.mhost.ru/svjaz/svjaz2e1.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} {{in lang|ru}} After Estonia became independent, he was later charged with genocide for his role in the deportation of some Estonians to the inhospitable regions of the USSR.[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-08-22-1824086218_x.htm Estonian accused of genocide] He was a first cousin of the President of Estonia, Lennart Meri. At the time of his death, Meri was an honorary chairman of the Estonian Anti-Fascist Committee.{{cite web|url=http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/text/news/2009/03/214463.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130417035854/http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/text/news/2009/03/214463.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2013 |title=Dmitry Medvedev sent a telegram of condolences on the passing of veteran of the Estonian Red Army Rifle Corps Arnold Meri to Mr Meri's widow, Yekaterina. |date=29 March 2009 |publisher=President of Russia |accessdate=4 April 2009 }}

Early life

His parents were Konstantin Meri, an Estonian, and Olga (née Danndorff), a Russified German from Saint Petersburg, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. In 1926, due to economic reasons and political convictions, Meri's family emigrated to Yugoslavia, which was the main centre of the White emigrants. There, Arnold's father worked as a chef and his mother as a maid and young Arnold was baptised into the Russian Orthodox church and renamed Adrian. He completed Russian primary school in Skopje and at the Russian-Serbian Gymnasium in Belgrade in 1938. After returning to Estonia, he took a job as an intern at AS Franz Krull, but he was soon called on to serve in the auto-tank regiment of the Estonian military. After the Soviet occupation in 1940, he was elected to the City Komsomol Committee in Tallinn and was instructed to create a Komsomol organization in his Estonian army unit. After the absorption of his unit into the Red Army 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps, he was appointed a deputy political officer in the 415th Radio Battalion.

Military career

After the start of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, the 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps retreated to the Porhov region. Meri was wounded four times during the battle while serving as a platoon commander in north-west Russia in 1941. In August 1941, he was awarded a Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for organizing the defense of the headquarters of the 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps when the German army broke through the lines near Dno in July 1941. In reality, the defense was commanded by captain Arnold Isotamm,{{cite book

| editor=Leonid Lentsman, Endel Sõgel

| title=Eesti rahvas Nõukogude Liidu Suures Isamaasõjas, 1941-1945

| location=Tallinn

| language=Estonian

| publisher=Eesti Raamat

| year=1971}}

but he was not deemed to be suitable for the decoration, as he was not a member of the Communist Party and had been an officer of the Estonian Army.[http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/87FA8AE4B858184AC2256DE2003507D4 Võõrad Suled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004046/http://www.ekspress.ee/viewdoc/87FA8AE4B858184AC2256DE2003507D4 |date=27 September 2007 }} – Eesti Ekspress, 18 November 2003 {{in lang|et}} Meri was specifically commended for remaining on the battlefield despite being wounded four times.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Meri retired from the Red Army as a colonel. The building that housed the headquarters of the 22nd Estonian Rifle Corps in July 1941 is currently occupied by a secondary school. In 2008 the school was renamed in honour of Arnold Meri.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

From 1945 to 1949, he served as the secretary of the central committee of the Leninist Young Communist League of Estonia. In 1948, he was awarded the highest Soviet order, the Order of Lenin. Meri's opinion on the Estonian part in World War II:

{{cquote|Estonia's participation in World War II was inevitable and only a fool could have believed otherwise. ... Every Estonian had only one decision to make: whose side to take in that bloody fight – the Nazis' or the anti-Hitler coalition's.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/6637895.stm When giants fought in Estonia] – BBC, 9 May 2007}}

After the internal struggle within the Estonian Communist Party, which his "home communist"{{clarify|date=March 2023}} faction lost, he was stripped from his posts in 1950, then stripped of his honours and expelled from the party in 1951. In order to escape potential arrest, he settled in the Altai Republic with his new family. He was rehabilitated in 1956.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Involvement in deportation and the charge of genocide

File:Arnold Meri 22 September 2008.jpg

In 2003, the Estonia Security Police investigated Meri for participating in the deportations of Estonians in Hiiumaa in 1949.[https://web.archive.org/web/20031205005228/http://www.balticguide.ee/index.php/a641 Entisen presidentin serkkua syytetään neuvostoajan kyydityksistä] – The Baltic Guide{{cite news |last1=Tanner |first1=Jari |title=Red Army Officer Arnold Meri Accused of Genocide in 1949 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bulletin-arnold-meri-1919-2009/169769325/ |work=The Bulletin |date=March 29, 2009 |location=Bend, OR |page=14 |access-date=April 7, 2025 |via=Newspapers.com}} {{Open access}} In August 2007, three months after the April Events, the Estonian Western Circuit Prosecutor's Office formally charged Arnold Meri with genocide, for his admitted role in organising the deportation of 251 Estonian civilians from the island of Hiiumaa to the Novosibirsk region of Siberia.{{Cite news|last=Chivers|first=C. J.|date=2007-08-22|title=Cousin of former Estonian president charged with genocide (Published 2007)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/22/world/europe/22iht-estonia.4.7214101.html|access-date=2020-10-05|issn=0362-4331}} According to the Prosecutor's Office, most of the deportees were women and children, and 43 subsequently died. Meri had acknowledged taking part in the deportations, but denied responsibility. According to the BBC, Estonia's claims that genocide took place are not widely accepted.

On 20 May 2008 the trial against Meri began. Meri pleaded not guilty.[http://www.postimees.ee/200508/esileht/siseuudised/331847.php?arnold-meri-ei-tunnistanud-end-genotsiidis-suudi Arnold Meri ei tunnistanud end genotsiidis süüdi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402154455/http://www.postimees.ee/200508/esileht/siseuudised/331847.php?arnold-meri-ei-tunnistanud-end-genotsiidis-suudi |date=2 April 2009 }} In his defense, Meri maintained that he was appointed to monitor the compliance of the process with then-current laws and to ensure that the punitive actions were limited to the individuals specifically listed by security services. Meri claimed that he was unable to control the abuses of the local authorities and withdrew from the process. For this decision he himself was prosecuted, stripped of his military honors and expelled from the Communist Party in 1949.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Meri maintained that he was targeted by the current Estonian authorities in retaliation for his anti-fascist activities and harsh critique of the Estonian government.[http://www.rian.ru/society/20090328/166277913.html В Таллине скончался Герой Советского Союза Арнольд Мери] // RIA Novosti, 28 March 2009 {{in lang|ru}}

Death

File:Arnold Meri funeral 301.jpg honoring the wreath laying ceremony]]

File:Arnold Meri tombstone Liiva cemetery Tallinn Estonia.jpg

Arnold Meri died in his sleep on 27 March 2009 at the age of 89.[http://www.postimees.ee/?id=100075 Eesti Postimees 28 March 2009 – Suri Arnold Meri] This automatically halted Meri's trial.

The President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev posthumously awarded Meri the Order of Honour within hours of Meri's death.{{in lang|ru}} {{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Президент Российской Федерации|ru_type=УКАЗ|ru_number=332|ru_date=28.03.2009|ru_title=О награждении Орденом Почета Мери А.К.|ru_url=http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=051528|en_entity= President of Russia|en_type=Ukaz|en_number=332|en_date=28.03.2009|en_title=On the awarding of the Order of Honour to A.K. Meri|en_url=http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=076959}} In a telegram to Meri's widow, Yekaterina, Medvedev wrote "Arnold Meri was an exceptional and courageous figure, who devoted his entire life to the ideals of justice, freedom and humanism. Decorated with the Hero of the Soviet Union for his feats on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War, he fought Nazism to the end of his days, and actively resisted attempts to rewrite history and whitewash those responsible for the twentieth century’s greatest tragedy, and their accomplices."

Meri was interred on 1 April 2009 in the Liiva Cemetery{{cite web|url=http://www.postimees.ee/?id=101714|title=Arnold Meri maeti täna Liiva kalmistule|last=Rudi|first=Hanneli|date=1 April 2009|publisher=Postimees|language=Estonian|accessdate=20 June 2010}} on the outskirts of Tallinn in a funeral which was attended by several hundred people.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7978111.stm|title=Estonian war figure laid to rest |date=2 April 2009|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2 April 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090404111252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7978111.stm| archivedate= 4 April 2009 | url-status= live}}