Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)

For hundreds of years Māori had crossed the Southern Alps by every pass free of snow in the summer months. The reason for making this difficult journey was greenstone (pounamu), highly prized both for its hardness and beauty and found only on the West Coast of the South Island.{{sfn|Dennis|1986|p=60–61}} By the time Europeans arrived, the only pass in regular use was the one now known as Harper Pass, north of Arthur's Pass. When Leonard Harper was led in 1857 by Māori guides across the pass which now bears his name, Tarapuhi, chief at the Māori settlement of Māwhera (now Greymouth), told him about a route across the mountains at the head of the Ōtira River that had not been used in living memory. Bad weather prevented Harper from exploring it on his return journey.{{sfn|Dennis|1986|p=60–61}}

In 1860 writer and explorer Samuel Butler had seen a pass at the head of the Bealey Valley, but was travelling alone and did not want to leave his horse unattended so "shirked investigation".{{sfn|Dennis|1986|p=64–65}}

In 1864 Arthur Dudley Dobson (1841–1934) along with his brother Edward were the first Europeans to cross the pass. In 1863 Dobson went to the mostly unexplored West Coast for seven months of survey work. His area of work extended from the Grey River to Abut Head, and inland up to the Main Divide. His brother Edward, meanwhile, was clearing a rough track over Harper Pass. Arthur Dobson returned to Christchurch and reported his findings to the chief surveyor, Thomas Cass.{{cite book | title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand | orig-year=originally published in 1966 |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/dobson-brothers/1 | editor=A. H. McLintock | access-date= 7 May 2011 | chapter= Dobson Brothers | date= 22 April 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612094148/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/dobson-brothers/1| archive-date= 12 June 2011 | url-status= live}}File:Arthur Dudley Dobson, 1932c.jpg

Cass then commissioned Arthur Dobson in 1864 to find out whether there was a suitable pass from the Waimakariri watershed to the West Coast. George and Arthur Dobson set out in March 1864, later to be joined by their brother Edward at Craigieburn. While George surveyed road lines there, Edward and Arthur proceeded to explore the high country. On 13 March 1864 they found the pass mentioned by Tarapuhi to Harper, which steeply descended to what became known as Otira. They explored the gorge as far as the junction of the Rolleston River, but saw no good sheep country so retraced their steps.{{sfn|Dennis|1986|p=66–67}} Arthur prepared a report, which included a sketch of the pass which he described as the "Arahura Saddle", thinking it led to the Arahura River, and presented it to Cass.{{DNZB|Starky|Suzanne|1d14|Dobson, Edward|7 May 2011}}{{cite web|last=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=7 October 2020|title=Arthur's Pass 'discovered'|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/arthurs-pass-discovered|access-date=27 October 2020|website=New Zealand History}}

Soon after, the discovery of gold triggered the West Coast gold rush. The provincial engineer, their father Edward Dobson, was commissioned to examine every possible pass to the West Coast from the watersheds of the Waimakariri, Taramakau and Hurunui Rivers. After finishing his examination, he declared that "Arthur's pass" was by far the most suitable to get to the gold fields. The provincial government decided that a road was to be built between Christchurch and Hokitika, a distance of {{convert|156|miles|km}}, and Edward Dobson was put in charge of the project. The road was opened on 20 March 1866. The alpine pass became known as Arthur's Pass, with a nearby village and a later a national park also taking this name. Arthur Dobson had a long and distinguished career, was knighted in 1931, and after his death in 1934, calls for a memorial came up. The Arthur Dudley Dobson memorial, a stone column of {{convert|25|ft}} in height, was unveiled in April 1937 at the alpine pass that bears his name.{{cite news |title=A Canterbury Pioneer |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19370419.2.40 |access-date=4 February 2022 |work=The Press |volume =LXXIII |issue=22070 |date=19 April 1937 |page=8}}

State Highway 73 passes over Arthur's Pass and is the highest of only three roads crossing the Southern Alps, the other crossings being the Haast Pass and the Lewis Pass. However, Porters Pass, on the same road, is higher (at 939 m) than Arthur's Pass, but it is not considered one of the alpine passes, as it is located in the Canterbury foothills not far away from Springfield.

Previously prone to be blocked by landslides or avalanches, the road on the western side of the pass has seen extensive civil engineering work in the late 1990s. Most notably, the impressive Otira Viaduct, near the settlement of Otira and spanning 440 metres of unstable terrain, was completed in 1999.

The Midland Line, connecting Christchurch and the West Coast, crosses the Main Divide by means of the Otira Tunnel, between Arthur's Pass township and Otira. When opened in 1923, the tunnel was the longest in the British Empire.

Image:Arthur's Pass.jpg|Otira Viaduct

File:ArthurDudleyDobsonMemorial03 gobeirne.jpg|Memorial inscription

File:Arthur's Pass from Avalanche Peak track, Arthur's Pass National Park, New Zealand.jpg|Arthur's Pass

File:Arthur's Pass 915.JPG|Boundary marker

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=Andy|title=The Story of Arthur's Pass National Park|publisher=Department of Lands and Survey & Cobb/Horwood Publications|year=1986|isbn=0477061486|location=Auckland}}
• {{Cite book | first=A. W. | last=Reed | title=The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names | publisher=Reed Books | location=Auckland | year=2002 | isbn=0-7900-0761-4}}

{{Commons category|Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124112701/http://www.softrock.co.nz/mg/apmc.php Arthur's Pass mountaineering conditions]

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Category:Selwyn District

Category:Rail mountain passes of New Zealand

Category:Mountain passes of the Southern Alps

Category:Westland District

Category:Transport in the Canterbury Region

Category:Arthur's Pass National Park

Category:Landforms of the Canterbury Region

Category:West Coast Gold Rush