Arthur Lloyd James

File:Photograph_of_Arthur_Lloyd_James.jpg_(Derby_Evening_Telegraph_1941-01-15).jpg]]

Arthur Lloyd James (21 June 1884 – 24 March 1943) was a Welsh phonetician who was a professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies and the linguistic adviser to the British Broadcasting Corporation. His research was mainly on the phonetics of English and French, but he also worked on the phonetics of Hausa and Yoruba. He killed himself while a patient at the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum, where he was committed after killing his wife, the violinist Elsie Winifred Owen, in 1941.

Early life

Arthur Lloyd James was born on 21 June 1884, in Pentre, Glamorgan, Wales. His parents were William James, manager of a coal mine and a mining engineer, and Rachel James, née Clark. He went to school in Llanelli and then Pontypridd. Lloyd James graduated from University College, Cardiff in 1905, obtaining third-class honours in French. He taught for a few years and then went to Trinity College, Cambridge; his research centred on Old French and Provençal, and he graduated in 1910 with a degree in medieval and modern languages. He taught French and phonetics at Training College, and during World War I served with the Royal Engineers. The surname of his parents is James, but his second given name, Lloyd, a common surname, is often interpreted as part of his own surname, and his publications are frequently cited under Lloyd James. This usage is followed in the present article. However, in the biographical note by his mentor, Daniel Jones, the surname is cited as James.

Academic employment

Lloyd James became a lecturer in phonetics at University College, London in 1920. He became the first head of the School of Oriental Studies department of phonetics in 1927. He became a reader in 1930 and a professor in 1933. From 1924 to 1933, Lloyd James lectured at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Research

Lloyd James wrote papers on the phonetics of various languages, including Yoruba,{{cite journal|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=The Tones of Yoruba|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=3|issue=1|jstor=607168|date=1923|pages=119–128|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00000082}} Hausa (with George Percival Bargery),{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd James|first1=Arthur|last2=Bargery|first2=George Percival|title=A Note on the Pronunciation of Hausa|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=3|issue=4|jstor=607084|date=1925|pages=721–728|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00000446}} Marathi (with S. G. Kanhere),{{cite journal|last1=Lloyd James|first1=Arthur|last2=Kanhere|first2=S. G.|title=The Pronunciation of Marathi|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|volume=4|issue=4|date=1928|pages=791–801|jstor=607259|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00123717}} and Pashto (with Georg Morgenstierne).{{cite journal|last1=Morgenstierne|first1=Georg|last2=Lloyd James|first2=Arthur|title=Notes on the Pronunciation of Pashto (Dialect of the Hazara District)|volume=5|issue=1|date=1928|pages=53–62|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00130599|jstor=607782}}

In his later career Lloyd James worked primarily in applied phonetics, in the 1920s developing standards for the English pronunciation style to be used by announcers on broadcast radio, and in the early 1940s in military telephony. His theoretical phonetic perspective was that language is a system of signals, and in this context he introduced a distinction between "articulation", for consonants, and "modulation", for vowels. In his primer for RAF officers on the importance of clarity of enunciation under service conditions, he pointed out:{{cite book|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=Speech Signals in Telephony|date=1940|pages=24–26|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.}}

In some languages the acoustic difference between Accented Syllables and others is not very considerable. In others it is very considerable indeed; there is a pronounced "punch."

He takes French and Telugu as examples of the former, and English, Arabic and Persian for the latter, using the wartime metaphors of machine gun and Morse code rhythm, respectively, for the benefit of his officer students. An informal formulation shows his didactic approach: "Good rhythm means punching out the accented syllables, keeping them at equal intervals of time apart, and not smothering up the unstressed syllables. It is exactly like good rhythm in a dance band."{{cite book|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=Speech Signals in Telephony|date=1940|pages=25–26|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.}}

Work with the BBC

From 1926 to 1940, Lloyd James was the honorary secretary of the BBC's Advisory Committee on Spoken English and was instrumental in establishing a standard broadcasting pronunciation for British English, familiarly referred to as "BBC English". In 1938, he was given the title of "Linguistic Adviser to the BBC".

Personal life

Arthur Lloyd James's wife was Elsie Winifred (1888/1889–1941). She was the daughter of the musician Luther Owen, and herself was a well known violinist and a fellow of the Royal Academy of Music. They had one child, David Owen Lloyd James.

Murder and trial

In 1941 the stress of World War II led Arthur Lloyd James to kill his wife, fearing the war would otherwise cause her hardship. The murder weapons were a fork and poker.{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Amy Helen|title=Murder Capital: Suspicious Deaths in London, 1933–53|date=2015|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719091971|chapter=Violent crime and the family in wartime London, 1939–45|doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719091971.003.0003|page=67}}

He was tried at the Central Criminal Court, with Mr. Justice Wrottesley presiding. The prosecutor was Mr. G. B. McClure, and Mr. Richard O'Sullivan, K.C. was the defence. Brixton Prison senior medical officer Dr. H. A. Grierson argued that Lloyd James had manic depressive insanity with a predominant depressive stage. Lloyd James pleaded not guilty; the jury found him guilty but insane.

Death

Arthur Lloyd James killed himself on 24 March 1943, at the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum in Crowthorne, Berkshire. He hanged himself with a necktie and scarf from a bar in his cell.

Selected works

{{cite journal|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=The Practical Orthography of African Languages|volume=1|issue=1|date=1928|doi=10.2307/1155869|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|pages=125–129|jstor=1155869}}
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=Pronunciation |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1929 |publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica Company |location=London |edition=14th|volume=18|pages=578–580|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.211456/2015.211456.The-Encyclopaedia#page/n682/mode/1up }}
{{cite book|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=Historical Introduction to French Phonetics|date=1929|publisher=University of London Press|location=London}}
{{cite book|last1=Lloyd James|first1=Arthur|title=The Broadcast Word|date=1935|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner|location=London}}
{{cite book|last1=Lloyd James|first1=Arthur|title=Broadcast English: Recommendations to Announcers|date=1928–1939|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|location=London}}
{{cite book|last=Lloyd James|first=Arthur|title=Speech Signals in Telephony|date=1940|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.|location=London}}

=Edited collections=

{{cite book|editor1-last=Collins|editor1-first=Beverly S.|editor2-last=Mees|editor2-first=Inger|editor3-last=Carley|editor3-first=Paul|title=English Phonetics: Twentieth-Century Developments|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|volume=II: Lloyd James: Broadcasting and Spoken English|isbn=9780415590563}}
{{cite book|editor1-last=Collins|editor1-first=Beverly S.|editor2-last=Mees|editor2-first=Inger|editor3-last=Carley|editor3-first=Paul|title=English Phonetics: Twentieth-Century Developments|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|volume=III: Lloyd James's Broadcast English|isbn=9780415590570}}

Citations

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Jones|first1=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=James, Arthur Lloyd (1884–1943)|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|editor-last=Cannadine|editor-first=David|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34148|date=2004|others=Rev. by John D. Haigh|orig-year=1959}}

{{cite news|title=British Wife-Slayer: A Suicide in Asylum. Professor Lloyd James, Expert on Phonetics, Hangs Himself|work=New York Times|date=2 April 1943|page=14|volume=92|number=31,114}}

{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Trial of Professor Lloyd James: Guilty But Insane |department=Law|date=11 February 1941 |page=2|issue=48847|column=E}}

}}

=Work with the BBC=

{{cite journal|last=Mugglestone|first=Lynda|title=Spoken English and the BBC: In the Beginning|volume=33|number=2|date=2008|url=http://periodicals.narr.de/index.php/aaa/article/view/520|journal=Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik|pages=197–215}}
{{cite journal|last1=Pointon|first1=Graham|title=The BBC and English pronunciation|journal=English Today|date=1988|volume=4|issue=3|pages=8–12|doi=10.1017/S0266078400003448}}
{{cite journal|last=Schwyter|first=Jürg Rainer|title=Setting a Standard: Early BBC Language Policy and the Advisory Committee on Spoken English|volume=33|number=2|date=2008|url=http://periodicals.narr.de/index.php/aaa/article/view/521|journal=Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik|pages=217–250}}
{{cite book|last=Schwyter|first=Jürg Rainer|title=Dictating to the Mob: The History of the BBC Advisory Committee on Spoken English|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2016|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736738.001.0001}}
{{cite book|title=A Companion to Who's Who Containing the Biographies of Those Who Died During the Decade 1941–1950|date=1952|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|location=London|pages=693–694|chapter=Lloyd James, Arthur|series=Who Was Who|volume=4}}

=News articles on murder, trial, and suicide=

{{cite news|title=British Professor Accused of Slaying Wife; Lloyd James an Expert on Pronunciation|work=New York Times|date=15 January 1941|page=25|volume=90|issue=30,307}}
{{cite news|title=Famous Authority on Speech Charged With Wife's Murder|date=15 January 1941|work=The Globe and Mail|pages=1–2|volume=98|issue=28,418}}
{{cite news|title=Professor Lloyd James Charged with Wife Murder|date=15 January 1941|page=3|issue=27337|location=Dundee, Scotland|work=Courier and Advertiser}}
{{cite news|title=Professor Remanded on Wife Murder Charge|date=15 January 1941|page=5|issue=19503|work=The Nottingham Evening Post}}
{{cite news|title=Murder Charge: B.B.C. Professor in Court|work=Derby Evening Telegraph|date=15 January 1941|page=1|issue=18545}}
{{cite news|title=BBC Professor Charged with Wife's Murder|date=15 January 1941|page=1|issue=13954|work=Daily Mail}}
{{cite news|title='War Nerves' Seen in London Slaying: Prof. Lloyd James Is Quoted by Police as Saying He Killed Wife While She Was Happy. Shaken in a Recent Raid: Phonetics Expert Had Suffered Nervous Breakdown—Word 'Haw Haw' Credited to Him|work=New York Times|date=16 January 1941|page=44|volume=90|issue=30,308}}
{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=B.B.C. Professor on Murder Charge: Wished His Wife to Die While Happy|department=News|date=16 January 1941 |page=2|issue=48825|column=E}}
{{cite news|title=B.B.C.'s Tutor in Dock|work=Daily Mail|date=16 January 1941|page=5|issue=13955}}
{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Cause of Mrs. James's Death: Inquest Evidence of Blow on the Head |department=News|date=17 January 1941 |page=9|issue=48826|column=E}}
{{cite news|title=Died of Skull Fracture: English Language Expert's Wife Beaten, Inquest Reveals|work=New York Times|date=17 January 1941|page=18|volume=90|issue=30,309}}
{{cite news|title=BBC Man Sent for Trial|work=Daily Mail|date=25 January 1941|page=5|issue=13963}}
{{cite news|title=The Phonetic Murder|work=Time|date=27 January 1941|page=22|department=Foreign News|volume=34|issue=24|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801213,00.html|url-access=subscription}}
{{cite news|title=Wife-Slayer is Insane: Verdict Is Returned in Case of British Language Expert|work=New York Times|date=11 February 1941|page=13|volume=90|issue=30,334}}
{{cite news|title=Too Hard a Worker: The Tragedy of Lloyd James|work=Daily Mail|date=11 February 1941|page=5|issue=13977}}
{{cite news|title=Professor Guilty But Insane|date=11 February 1941|page=5|issue=26869|work=Press and Journal|location=Aberdeen}}
{{cite news|title=Professor Dies in Broadmoor|location=Hull|work=Daily Mail|date=1 April 1943|page=4|issue=17909}}
{{cite news|title=Died. Professor Arthur Lloyd James|department=Milestones|work=Time|date=12 April 1943|volume=41|issue=15|page=42|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802632,00.html|url-access=subscription}}

External links

{{cite web|last1=Wells|first1=John|title=A Period Piece|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.ca/2009/09/period-piece.html|website=John Well's phonetic blog|accessdate=5 June 2017|date=3 September 2009|author-link=John C. Wells}}

Category:1884 births

Category:Academics of SOAS University of London

Category:Linguists from Wales

Category:People detained at Broadmoor Hospital

Category:People with bipolar disorder

Category:Phoneticians

Category:20th-century British linguists

Category:1943 suicides

Category:1943 deaths

Category:Welsh people convicted of murder

Category:Suicides by hanging in England

Category:Murderers who died by suicide in prison custody