Arthur Purnell

William Arthur Purnell FRAIA (5 January 1878 – 29 June 1964), generally known as Arthur Purnell, and sometimes A W Purnell, was an Australian-born architect who practised in Canton, China, in the 1900s, and from 1910 mainly in Melbourne, Australia. He is most noted for the few designs in Melbourne that include Chinese references.

Early life and education

William Arthur Purnell was born on 5 January 1878, the eldest son of William Purnell Jnr, and his wife Emily, née Keown of Geelong, Victoria.

He attended Geelong Grammar School and earned a diploma of architecture at the University of Melbourne.

His father and grandfather were partners in Purnell & Sons, builders, and Arthur joined the firm as a draftsman in 1895, then took further studies under C. A. Heyward, a government architect.{{cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/personal-life-and-education|title=The architecture of Arthur Purnell: personal life and education|publisher=Culture Victoria|access-date=14 December 2015|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413133448/http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/personal-life-and-education|url-status=dead}}

The China years

File:Arthur Purnell and Kangaroo.jpg

In 1900 Purnell left for China, and established himself in Canton (modern Guangzhou) in 1903. In 1904 he teamed up with Charles Souders Paget (1874–1933), a civil engineer from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, as Purnell & Paget, winning the competition for a new Customs House the same year, and they soon developed a busy practice. They designed numerous projects, including large buildings for the Chinese Imperial Post Office, the London Missionary Society, the Canton Christian College, the Southern Baptist Theological School, and a power station for China Light & Power, which have all been demolished as Guangzhou has been redeveloped in recent years.

File:Karberg & Co design 1908.jpg

The former British and French concession Shamian Island (then known as Shameen) however is completely intact, and hosts a number of designs by the firm, as well as alterations such as extra floors.{{cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/purnell-in-china/|title=The architecture of Arthur Purnell: Purnell in China|publisher=Culture Victoria|access-date=14 December 2015}} They include the Imperial Maritime Customs Building (eastern end of Central Shamian Street on the north side, with a pair of 'witches hat' towers, 1907), Griffith & Co (south west corner of North Shamian and Third Streets, c1905), Karberg & Co, (50 South Shamian Street, 1908),A photo can be found [https://industrialhistoryhk.org/arnhold-karberg-company/ here] International Banking Co (end of Central Shamian on the north side, 1908), Deacon & Co (northwest corner of Central Shamian and Fifth, 1908).{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137332833|title=From Canton Club to Melbourne Cricket Club: the architecture of Arthur Purnell|last1=Purnell|first1=Arthur|last2=Groves|first2=Derham|last3=Allison|first3=Brian|date=2006|publisher=Baillieu Library|isbn=9780734036704|location=Melbourne|language=en|oclc=137332833}} All of the designs were generally in the Far East British Colonial form known as 'compradoric', featuring multi-level verandahs supported on solid pillars or arches, with Italianate or Edwardian Baroque detailing.

One of his designs outside Shamian to survive is the South China Cement Factory built in 1909, which was later used by Chinese Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen as his home and headquarters from 1917 to 1923, and is now a museum.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/guangzhou/attractions/memorial-museum-of-generalissimo-sun-yatsen-s-mansion/a/poi-sig/1102509/355940|title=Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yatsen's Mansion {{!}} Guangzhou, China Attractions|website=www.lonelyplanet.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}

Return to Melbourne

Purnell returned to Melbourne in 1910, and set up office in the Nicholson Chambers at 101 Swanston Street, and later Phair's Buildings at 327 Collins Street.

A notable design of this time was Michael's Corner, built in 1915, which still stands on the south west corner of Elizabeth and Lonsdale Streets.{{Cite web|url=https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/64833|title=Michael's Corner|website=Victorian Heritage Database}}

During this time and into the 1920s he did many designs for people and businesses of Chinese origin, while a few designs of his own contained elements of Chinese design, or featured Chinese names. For instance he designed a warehouse in Melbourne's Chinatown in Punch Lane off Little Bourke Street in 1911 for cabinetmaker Tye Shing (demolished). His own house of 1916 (demolished){{Cite web|url=https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/66720|title=Shameen|website=Victorian Heritage Database}} was an early example of the Bungalow style, with exaggerated verandah piers and projecting chimney pots with a slightly Oriental character,{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/shameen-malvern-1916/|title=Shameen, Malvern, 1916 - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}} which he named Shameen in a clear reference to this time in China.

Clearer use of Chinese design motifs can be seen an unbuilt tearoom design for Malvern in 1913 which featured a distinctly Oriental roof and verandah, followed by Tsohshaan Mansions (tsohshaan is supposedly Cantonese for "house upon the hill"), at the corner of Malvern and Irving Roads in Toorak, built 1917, which has an Oriental feel achieved without overt Chinese elements.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/tsohshaan-mansions-in-2005/|title=Tsohshaan Mansions in 2005 - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}{{Cite web|url=https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/30666|title=Tsaohshaan Mansions|website=Victorian Heritage Database}} In 1928 he designed another teahouse, at 22 Newcombe Street Portarlington (demolished), which featured a distinctly Chinese roof shape.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/arlington-café-1928/|title=Arlington Café, 1928 - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}

His most well-known Chinese-influenced design, and possibly the best known of all his works, is his own house, located on a busy city artery, at 492 Punt Road, South Yarra. This is a substantial reworking of a house he had designed for his client "Alec" Barlow in 1924, which he bought and named Shan Teng, adding a number of rooms, changing the orientation, and in particular the roof, which he changed just before construction from a simple hipped roof to one with a curved Chinese shape.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/shan-teng-south-yarra-1928/|title=Shan Teng, South Yarra, 1928 - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/barlow-connection-and-later-projects/|title=Barlow Connection and Later Projects - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}} His daughter recalled that the family had Chinese servants indentured from an American ships captain.

Beaver and Purnell

File:St Moritz Ice Rink.jpg, 1922, later St Moritz Ice Rink]]

In 1915 he joined with Isidor Beaver at his practice at Altson's Buildings, 82 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, on the Collins Street corner. Beaver was a Manchester-born architect who had been in partnership with Edmund Wright in Adelaide and moved to Melbourne in 1890 to supervise construction of their National Mutual Life building on the corner of Collins Street and Queen Street.

A notable project by the firm was the well known St Moritz Ice Rink, a 1939 conversion of their 1922 Wattle Path Palais de Danse, a large arched roofed dance hall on the Esplanade at St Kilda, controversially demolished in 1982.

Purnell left the partnership in 1925; Beaver, 19 years his senior, died in 1934.

Projects include :

Ranmoor, 395 Glenferrie Road, Malvern (1916, demolished){{Cite web|url=https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/66565|title=Ramnoor|website=Victorian Heritage Database}}
Wattle Path Palais, St Kilda (1922, demolished)
Carinya, a Spanish / Mediterranean mansion estate at 61 Clendon Road, Toorak (1925){{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43420458|title=Planning appeal no. 1992/016225, Carinya, 61 Clendon Road, Toorak : submission to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a hearing on 19 August 1992 [...]|last1=Hubbard|first1=Timothy|last2=Tribunal|first2=Victoria Administrative Appeals|date=1992|publisher=St. Kilda, Vic. : Timothy Hubbard Pty Ltd|isbn=9781875224630|language=en}}

In the 1920s Purnell had a close working relationship with car dealer Alexander George "Alec" Barlow (1880–1937), for whom he built a home, car showrooms and racing stables.{{cite web |title=The architecture of Arthur Purnell: career and practice |url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/career-and-practice/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Culture Victoria}} Purnell's own house on Punt Road was a reworking of an earlier house he had designed for Barlow, who had to sell up.{{Cite web |title=A.G. Barlow's house, South Yarra, 1924 - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell |url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/ag-barlow-s-house-south-yarra-1924/ |access-date=2019-08-19 |website=Culture Victoria |language=en}}

After Beaver

File:Cyclone House.jpg

In 1925 Purnell moved to offices in the Equitable Building at 314 Collins Street, in a partnership with a Mr Stone which lasted about a year.{{Cite news |date=1925-09-24 |title=Advertising |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/243627474 |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=Herald}} In 1928 he briefly formed a partnership with Eric Hazel Round and William Alfred Graham as Arthur W. Purnell, Round & Graham, which only lasted only a year, and he went into solo practice again for the next five or so years.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

In 1930 he became an early adopter of the new Art Deco style; his office and showroom for Cyclone Wire in Hardware Street completed in September 1930 was amongst the first projects in Melbourne to sport the new geometric decoration.{{Cite web |last=Storey |first=Rohan |date=2020-07-27 |title=Cyclone House, Hardware Lane, 1930, one of Melbs first Deco. |url=https://storeyofmelbourne.org/2020/07/27/cyclone-house-hardware-lane-1930-one-of-melbs-first-deco/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Storey of Melbourne |language=en}}

In 1935 he formed A. W. Purnell & Pearce, with Phillip Foster Pearce ARAIA, still at the same address.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11747011 |title=New Architectural Firms. |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |date=11 July 1935 |access-date=15 December 2015 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}} By the time Pearce retired in 1946, their offices were at the Colonial Mutual Life building in Collins Street, the same building by a different name.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22395117 |title=Advertising. |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |date=22 November 1946 |access-date=15 December 2015 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}

As well as a great number of private residences in a multitude of styles, works produced during this time include a wide range of commercial projects, many now demolished:

Clifton Springs Golf Club (1926)
A greyhound-racing track at Tottenham (1927, demolished){{Cite web|url=http://victoriancollections.net.au:8080/items/522da7c72162ef1250025f93|title=Photographs - WHITE CITY - Victorian Collections|website=victoriancollections.net.au|access-date=2019-08-19}}
Rickards Motor Showrooms, Elizabeth Street (1927, demolished){{Cite news |date=1927-09-21 |title=Property and Architecture |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/244193645 |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=Herald}}
Regent Theatre, Ballarat, with Cedric Ballantyne (1927){{Cite web|url=https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/112528|title=Regent Theatre Ballarat|website=Victorian Heritage Database}}
A grandstand at Western Oval (now Whitten Oval) (1929, extensively altered)
Woolstore No 2, Younghusband Woolstore, Kensington (1928 + 1932){{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article242977389|title=Big Extensions To Woolstore|date=1932-06-29|work=Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954)|access-date=2019-08-19|pages=13}}
Cyclone House, Hardware Street, Melbourne (1930){{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article133475862|title=GENERAL.|date=1930-03-05|work=Construction and Local Government Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1913 - 1930)|access-date=2019-10-06|pages=8}}
Patersons Furniture Store, 152 Bourke Street (1934){{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article243219999 |title=Bourke Street Firm Rebuilds |newspaper=The Herald |issue=17,677 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=10 January 1934 |access-date=19 August 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}
Younghusband Woolstore, Albury (1936, demolished){{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244752240|title=Wool Store Designed For Expansion|date=1936-08-26|work=Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954)|access-date=2019-09-03|pages=20}}
The Olympia Sea Water Swimming Pool at South Melbourne (1937, demolished)
Southern Stand, Melbourne Cricket Ground (1937, demolished){{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11866195 |title=NEW STAND FOR MELBOURNE CRICKET-GROUND |newspaper=The Argus (Melbourne) |issue=27,873 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=19 December 1935 |access-date=19 August 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}
The Rosebud Yacht Club (1939, demolished)
Glaciarium, South Melbourne, interior remodelling (1939, demolished){{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article243333097 |title=New Glaciarium Opens 1939 Season |newspaper=The Herald |issue=19,302 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=29 March 1939 |access-date=19 August 2019 |page=21 |via=National Library of Australia}}
Avonmore Lodge (maisonettes), Toorak Road, cnr Glenferrie Road, Toorak, 1940{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12457862|title=ARCHITECTURE MAISONETTES POPULAR INVESTMENTS|date=1940-05-09|work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)|access-date=2019-09-03|pages=15}}
The Olympic Stand at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (1953–1955, demolished).

Personal life

Purnell returned briefly to Melbourne in 1908 to marry Jane (aka Ginnie) Farrell. Her parents were pastoralists from Lake Monemia near Streatham, Victoria.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/the-architecture-of-arthur-purnell/personal-life-and-education/|title=Personal life and education - The Architecture of Arthur Purnell|website=Culture Victoria|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}

Ginnie died on 25 October 1966. The hot humid climate of Southern China did not suit her and may have been the reason they returned to Australia in 1910. Their only child, a daughter Joan, was born in 1918, ten years after their marriage. In 1923 they divorced, but three years later they remarried.

Joan Margaret Purnell married Noel William Dickson in 1939, and died in 2002.