Arthur Rostron

{{Infobox military person

| name = Sir Arthur Rostron

| honorific_suffix = KBE, RD

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1869|5|14}}

| birth_place = Bolton, England, UK

| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1940|11|4|1869|5|14}}

| death_place = Chippenham, England, UK

| placeofburial = West End Parish Church, Southampton, England, UK

| placeofburial_label =

| image = Capt. Arthur H. Rostron, R.D., R.N.R.jpg

| caption = Capt. A.H. Rostron while master of Carpathia in April 1912, at the time of rescuing Titanic survivors.

| nickname =

| birth_name = Arthur Henry Rostron

| allegiance = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}

| serviceyears = 1886–1931 (British Merchant Navy)
1893–1924 (Royal Naval Reserve)

| rank = Captain – RNR
Commodore – Cunard

| branch = 23px Royal Navy Reserve

| commands = {{RMS|Pannonia|1902|6}}
{{RMS|Carpathia}}
{{RMS|Carmania|1905|6}}
{{RMS|Lusitania}}
{{RMS|Campania}}
{{RMS|Aurania|1916|6}}
{{RMS|Mauretania|1906|6}}
{{RMS|Andania|1913|6}}
{{RMS|Saxonia|1899|6}}
RMS Berengaria

| unit =

| known_for = Rescuing survivors from the RMS Titanic

| battles = World War I

Gallipoli Campaign

| awards = 30px Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
30px Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve
30px Mentioned in Dispatches
Congressional Gold Medal

| laterwork =

}}

Sir Arthur Henry Rostron, KBE, RD (14 May 1869 – 4 November 1940) was a British merchant seaman and a seagoing officer for the Cunard Line.{{cite web |title=The Captain who saved so many |url=https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2012-04-10/the-captain-who-saved-so-many-lives/ |website=ITV |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=2 June 2019}} He is best known as the captain of the ocean liner RMS Carpathia, when it rescued the survivors from the RMS Titanic after the ship sank in 1912 in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Rostron won wide praise for his energetic efforts to reach the Titanic before she sank, and his efficient preparations for and conduct of the rescue of the survivors. He was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress, and in 1926, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He rose to become the Commodore of the Cunard fleet and retired in 1931.{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Steven |title=5 Things You May Not Know About Titanic's Rescue Ship |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/captain-of-the-carpathia-9781844862894/ |website=History |access-date=2 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

History

Arthur Rostron was born at Bank Cottage, Sharples, a suburb of Bolton, Lancashire, England, to James and Nancy Rostron in 1869. He received his education at Bolton Grammar School and Bolton Church Institute.{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Eric L. |title=Captain of the Carpathia: The seafaring life of Titanic hero Sir Arthur Henry Rostron |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781844862887 |page=230 |edition=Bloomsbury Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b6HCwAAQBAJ&q=Arthur+Rostron++Bolton+Church+Institute |access-date=2 June 2019}} In 1884, Rostron joined the Merchant Navy Cadet School Ship HMS Conway as a cadet. After two years of training on the Conway, he was apprenticed to the Waverley Line of Messrs Williamson, Milligan and Co. in Liverpool on the iron clipper ship Cedric the Saxon.{{cite web |last1=National |first1=Archives UK |title=The story of Arthur Henry Rostron Captain, Carpathia |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/titanic/stories/arthur-henry-rostron.htm |website=National Archives UK |access-date=2 June 2019}}

File:The barque Camphill RMG BHC3768.jpg

In 1887 Rostron joined the barque Red Gauntlet as a second mate. Soon after, he left the Waverley Line and joined the barque Camphill. He was commissioned a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) on 28 April 1893.{{London Gazette |issue=26720 |date=10 March 1896|page=1612}} In December 1894 Rostron served on board the steamship Concord after which he passed the examinations for his extra master's certificate.

On 14 September 1899 Arthur Rostron married Ethel Minnie Stothert, daughter of Richard Stothert, in St John the Baptist church Atherton.{{cite web |last1=Family |first1=Tree Marker 2003 |title=Family Tree Marker 2003 |url=http://www.bolton-church-institute.org.uk/trees/rostron-g.pdf |website=Bolton Church Institute |publisher=Family Tree Marker |access-date=2 June 2019}}

Rostron joined the Cunard Line in January 1895 and earned a position as fourth officer on the ocean liner {{RMS|Umbria}}. In the years afterward he would serve on other Cunard ships including the Aurania, Etruria, Servia, Cherbourg, Ultonia and Saxonia. As a member of the RNR, Rostron regularly attended training at HMS Excellent (including in September 1902{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=12 September 1902 |page=4 |issue=36871}}). He temporarily left the Cunard Line to serve with the Royal Navy during a period of international tension occasioned by the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.

Rostron subsequently returned to the Cunard Line. He was made first officer of RMS Lusitania in 1907, but was transferred to the Brescia and promoted to ship's captain the day before Lusitania's maiden voyage. Brescia and his next several ships served the Mediterranean region, including his first passenger ship, RMS Pannonia, whose New York City – Mediterranean route he commanded from 1 January 1911. He became captain of the passenger liner RMS Carpathia on 18 January 1912.{{Citation |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Rostron01.php |work= "Titanic" disaster, report of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, pursuant to S. Res. 283, directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner "Titanic."|title = United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron.|date= 19 April 2012}} By this time a lieutenant in the RNR, Rostron was decorated with the RNR Officer's Reserve Decoration (RD) on 9 November 1909.{{London Gazette |issue=28305 |date=5 November 1909|page=8241|supp=y }} He was promoted to commander in the RNR on 18 January 1912.{{London Gazette |issue=28574 |date=23 January 1912|page=549}}

The ''Titanic'' rescue

Image:RMS Carpathia.jpg

Carpathia was on its regular route between New York City and Fiume, Austria-Hungary, when, early on 15 April 1912, she received a distress signal from the White Star Line ocean liner {{ship|RMS|Titanic||6}},{{cite web |url=https://www.chriscunard.com/history-fleet/cunard-fleet/1900-1930/carpathia/ |title=Carpathia History |access-date=15 July 2010 }} which had struck an iceberg during its maiden voyage. Rostron was asleep when Carpathia{{'}}s wireless operator, Harold Cottam, contacted Titanic at 12:20 a.m. to relay regular private party wireless traffic from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States.{{cite web |work = British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry|url = http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq15Cottam01.php|date=24 May 1912|title= Day 15, Testimony of Harold T. Cottam|publisher = Titanic Inquiry Project|access-date = 27 April 2011}} Titanic, which had struck the iceberg about 11:40 p.m., replied with a distress message and call for help. Cottam ran to Rostron's cabin to alert him.{{cite book |last1=Rostron |first1=Arthur |title=Titanic Hero: The Autobiography of Captain Rostron of the Carpathia |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=9781445604206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTQ5YgEACAAJ|year=2011 }}

When awakened, Captain Rostron was initially angry at Cottam but after being told what happened he immediately ordered the ship to race towards Titanic{{'}}s reported position, posting extra lookouts to help spot and manoeuvre around the ice he knew to be in the area. Only after ordering Carpathia "turned to", towards the disaster scene, did Rostron confirm with Cottam that the latter was sure about Titanic{{'}}s distress call.[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Rostron01.php United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron, part 1] (19 April 1912) at [http://www.titanicinquiry.org Titanic Inquiry Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181241/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ |date=13 December 2007 }} About {{cvt|58|nmi|mi km}} separated Carpathia from Titanic{{'}}s position. Rostron and his engineering crew, led by Chief Engineer A.B. Johnston, skillfully obtained the maximum speed possible from the engines of Carpathia, coaxing her up to {{convert|17.5|kn|km/h}} – three and a half knots faster than her rated speed. Even so, Carpathia, travelling through dangerous ice floes, took about 3.5 hours to reach Titanic{{'}}s radioed position.

During this time, Rostron turned off heating to ensure maximum steam for Carpathia{{'}}s engines and had the ship prepared for survivors, including getting blankets, food, and drinks ready, and ordering his medical crew to stand by to receive the possibly injured.{{cite web |last1=Marex |title=Carpathia's Role in Titanic's Rescue |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/carpathias-role-in-titanic-rescue |website=Maritime Executive |access-date=2 June 2019}} Crewmen were placed in the corridors to reassure passengers alarmed by the increased speed and changed direction of the ship. Altogether, 23 orders from Rostron to his crew were successfully implemented before Carpathia had even arrived at the scene of the disaster. Rostron highly praised his crew for their efficiency in his report to line management.{{cite book |last1=Rondeau |first1=Rob |title=Titanic Lives: On Board, Destination Canada |date=2012 |publisher=Formac Publishing Company Limited |isbn=9781459500198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWU8pYwJnpAC&q=Arthur+Rostron+praised+crew}} Rostron was a pious man: issuing orders, he often raised a hand to his cap and closed his eyes in prayer. Speaking of the risk taken by running through dense ice at speed at night, he is reported to have said, "I can only conclude another hand than mine was on the helm."David Watts, [http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=5a8b1267-5389-40c7-8982-f0c03413ac6a "Spirituality at work on Titanic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023162453/http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=5a8b1267-5389-40c7-8982-f0c03413ac6a |date=23 October 2014 }}, [https://edmontonjournal.com Edmonton Journal], 14 April 2012

When Rostron believed he was nearing Titanic, he ordered green starburst rockets launched to alert the sinking ship if she was still afloat, or her survivors if she was not. Carpathia began picking up survivors about an hour after the first starburst was seen by those in the lifeboats. Carpathia would end up rescuing 705 survivors out of the 2,228 passengers and crew on board Titanic; at least one survivor is said to have died after reaching the ship. After consulting with White Star Line managing director and Titanic survivor J. Bruce Ismay, Rostron decided to turn the ship around and return to New York City to disembark the survivors.Image:RostronandBrown.jpg along with awarded Arthur Rostron|left]]Later, Rostron testified at both the US Senate and the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiries into the sinking. Titanic survivors, including Margaret Brown, presented Rostron with a silver cup and gold medal for his efforts the night Titanic sank. The cup was sold at US$200,000 at an auction by Henry Aldridge & Son in Devizes, Wiltshire, in October 2015.{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/molly-browns-titanic-cup-sold-at-auction-for-200000|title=Molly Brown's Titanic cup sold at auction for $200,000|access-date=27 September 2017}} He was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the Thanks of Congress, the American Cross of Honor, a medal from the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society, and a gold medal from the Shipwreck Society of New York.

Rostron was highly praised for his efforts in both the American and the British inquiries into the disaster.[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Rostron03.php United States Senate Inquiry, Day 1, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron, part 3] (19 April 1912) at [http://www.titanicinquiry.org Titanic Inquiry Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181241/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ |date=13 December 2007 }}[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq28Rostron01.php British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Day 28, Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron, part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326033600/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTInq28Rostron01.php |date=26 March 2012 }} (21 June 1912) at [http://www.titanicinquiry.org Titanic Inquiry Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181241/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ |date=13 December 2007 }}[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep08.php#a1 United States Senate Inquiry, Report, part 8] at [http://www.titanicinquiry.org Titanic Inquiry Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181241/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ |date=13 December 2007 }}[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepRescue.php British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Report, §4 "Account of the Saving and Rescue of those who Survived", §4.5 "Rescue by the SS Carpathia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521020457/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepRescue.php |date=21 May 2012 }} at [http://www.titanicinquiry.org Titanic Inquiry Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181241/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/ |date=13 December 2007 }}

Later life

Rostron continued in command of the Carpathia for a year before transferring to the RMS Caronia (1904). Afterwards, from 1913 to 1914 he took command of the RMS Carmania, RMS Campania, and RMS Lusitania. Rostron was captain of the RMS Alaunia when the First World War began and the ship was requisitioned as a troopship, which Rostron continued to command. In 1915, Rostron and Alaunia were involved in the Gallipoli campaign in Ottoman Turkey, for which he was mentioned in dispatches for his services.{{London Gazette |issue=29603 |date=30 May 1916|page=5417|supp=y }}

In September 1915, Rostron joined the RMS Mauretania and in April 1916 he joined the Ivernia in the Mediterranean Sea. He returned to Mauretania in 1917 before taking command of the Andania, Saxonia, Carmania and Mauretania again. An acting captain in the RNR at war's end, he was promoted to captain in the RNR on 31 December 1918{{London Gazette |issue=31099 |date=31 December 1918|page=116|supp=y }} and made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours list.

Rostron continued to command Mauretania after it returned to normal passenger service in June 1919.{{cite book |last1=Buller |first1=Daniel Allen |title=The Other Side of the Night: The Carpathia, the Californian and the Night the Titanic was Lost |date=2009 |publisher=Casemate |isbn=9781935149705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfa2x4orpx0C&q=Arthur+Rostron+June+1919 |access-date=2 June 2019}} He took command of SS Imperator (later renamed {{RMS|Berengaria||2}}) in July 1920. From February to May 1924, he served as Royal Naval Reserve Aide-de-Camp to King George V.{{London Gazette |issue=32909 |date=19 February 1924|page=1456}}{{London Gazette |issue=32939 |date=27 May 1924|page=4200}} Rostron retired from the Royal Naval Reserve in May 1924,{{London Gazette |issue=32949 |date=24 June 1924|page=4888}} and in July 1926 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). In July 1926 Rostron again took command of Berengaria and became the Commodore of the Cunard fleet shortly after.{{Cite book|title = Titanic Hero|last = Rostron|first = Arthur|publisher = Amberley Publishing|year = 1912|pages = 107}}

Rostron lived at Holmecroft, West End, Southampton. After his retirement in May 1931, he became a member, and later captain, of the Southampton Master Mariner's Club, and wrote his autobiography Home from the Sea.{{cite book |last1=Rostron |first1=Sir Arthur Henry |title=Home from the Sea |date=1931 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9789112467918 |edition=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WBDAAAAIAAJ}}

When his former ship, the Mauretania, sailed for Scotland to the shipbreakers in 1935, Rostron was supposed to have been on board; however, overcome with emotion, he refused to board her and instead waved farewell from the pierside, preferring to remember the ship as she was when he commanded her.{{cite web |last1=Defence |first1=Ministry |title=HMHS MAURETANIA |url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Ships/HMHSMauretania.html |website=Ministry Defence |publisher=Roll of Honour |access-date=2 June 2019}} During his time commanding Mauretania, the ship was nicknamed "The Rostron Express" by passengers, due to Rostron's insistent adherence to the ship's scheduled departures and arrivals.

Death

Rostron and his wife had been visiting their daughter Margaret in Calne when he was taken ill. He developed pneumonia and died at the Cottage Hospital, Chippenham, on 4 November 1940, aged 71. His funeral service took place at West End Parish Church, Southampton, on Thursday 7 November 1940. He was survived by his wife, Ethel Minnie, and their four children. Ethel died on 7 July 1943 at the age of 69 and is buried beside him in the graveyard of West End Church.[https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-biography/arthur-henry-rostron.html Obituary, Captain Arthur Henry Rostron. Encyclopaedia Titanica]

Portrayals in ''Titanic'' films

He has been portrayed in various Titanic films by several actors. In the 1958 A Night to Remember he is played by Anthony Bushell. In 1979's SOS Titanic he is portrayed by Philip Stone. In the 1996 TV drama Titanic he is portrayed by Terence Kelly.{{cite web |title=Terence Kelly |website=www.imdb.com |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0446892/|access-date=20 March 2022}} Finally, in the 1999 TV documentary The Titanic Chronicles (about the U.S. Senate inquiry), he was portrayed (in voice) by John Cunningham.

References

{{cite journal|last1=Cimino|first1=Eric|title=Carpathia's Care for Titanic's Survivors|journal=Voyage: Journal of the Titanic International Society|date=Fall 2017|volume=101|pages=23–31|url=https://www.academia.edu/35011190}}
{{cite encyclopedia | author=Gowan, Phillip and Brian Ticehurst | title=Captain Arthur Henry Rostron | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Titanica | url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/biography.php?id=2461 | access-date=8 October 2005 }}
{{cite book | author=Lord, Walter | title=A Night to Remember | publisher=Henry Holt and Company | year=1997 | isbn=0-553-27827-4| title-link=A Night to Remember (book) }}
{{cite book | author=Lynch, Don | title=Titanic: An Illustrated History | publisher=Hyperion | year=1993 | isbn=0-7868-8147-X}}

External links

[http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/manifest.php?q=6 Carpathia: Passengers and Crew]
[http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/biography/2461/ Biography of Captain Rostron]
[https://www.chriscunard.com/history-fleet/cunard-fleet/1900-1930/carpathia/ Carpathia on Chris' Cunard Page]
{{Find a Grave|9550788}}

Category:1869 births

Category:1940 deaths

Category:British Merchant Navy officers

Category:British Merchant Service personnel of World War I

Category:British sailors

Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients

Category:Deaths from pneumonia in England

Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Category:People educated at Bolton School

Category:People from Bolton

Category:Sinking of RMS Titanic

Category:Burials in Hampshire

Category:Royal Naval Reserve personnel

Category:Military personnel from the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton

Category:19th-century Royal Navy personnel

Category:20th-century Royal Navy personnel