Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
{{Short description|Species of ferns in the family Aspleniaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 030208.jpg
| status = {{TNCStatus}}
| status_system = TNC
| genus = Asplenium
| species = adiantum-nigrum
| authority = L. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1081. 1753. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602479 |title=Name - Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. |quote=Annotation: as "Adiant. nigrum" |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |access-date=November 4, 2011}}
| synonyms =
}}
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is a common species of fern known by the common name black spleenwort.{{GRIN | accessdate=November 4, 2011}} It is found mostly in Africa, Europe, and Eurasia, but is also native to a few locales in Mexico and the United States.{{cite encyclopedia | year=1993 | title=Asplenium adiantum-nigrum | editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee | last1=Wagner | first1=Warren H. Jr. | last2=Moran | first2=Robbin C. | last3=Werth | first3=Charles R. | author-link3=Charles R. Werth |encyclopedia=Flora of North America North of Mexico |volume=2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York and Oxford |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200004099}}
Description
This spleenwort has thick, triangular leaf blades up to 10 centimeters long which are divided into several subdivided segments. It is borne on a reddish green petiole and the rachis is shiny and slightly hairy. The undersides of each leaf segment have one or more sori arranged in chains.Esser, Lora L. 1994. [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/aspadi/all.html Asplenium adiantum-nigrum.] In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Taxonomy
Linnaeus was the first to describe black spleenwort with the binomial Asplenium adiantum-nigrum in his Species Plantarum of 1753.{{cite book | title=Species Plantarum | edition=1st | volume=II | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1753 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Stockholm | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359102|page=1081}}
A chloroplast phylogeny verified the allopolyploid origin of A. adiantum-nigrum, with A. cuneifolium supplying the paternal genome and A. onopteris the maternal genome.{{sfn|Xu|Zhang|Rothfels|Smith|2020|p=46}}
Native distribution
:Asplenium adiantum-nigrum is native to:
;Africa
- Northern and Southern Africa in: Algeria; Lesotho; Morocco; the provinces of South Africa including Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and Western Cape; and Tunisia.
;Asia
- Western Asia and Central Asia in - the Caucasus; Azerbaijan; Cyprus; the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt; Kyrgyzstan; Ciscaucasia and Dagestan in Russia; and Turkey.
;Europe
- Albania; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France (including Corsica); Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy (including Sardinia); the Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal, Romania; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (including Krym); the United Kingdom; and in the Balkan Peninsula (former Yugoslavia)
;Macaronesia
- Macaronesian archipelagoes of: the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands.
;North America
;Oceania
In Hawaii, this native fern grows on cinder cones and lava flows,[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Asplenium+adiantum-nigrum Asplenium adiantum-nigrum.] The Nature Conservancy. and it is present in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
References
{{Reflist|2}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Ke-Wang |last2=Zhang |first2=Liang |last3=Rothfels |first3=Carl J. |last4=Smith |first4=Alan R. |last5=Viane |first5=Ronald |last6=Lorence |first6=David |last7=Wood |first7=Kenneth R. |last8=Cheng |first8=Cheng-Wei |last9=Knapp |first9=Ralf |last10=Zhou |first10=Lin |last11=Lu |first11=Ngan Thi |last12=Zhou |first12=Xin-Mao |last13=Wei |first13=Hong-Jin |last14=Fan |first14=Qiang |last15=Chen |first15=Su-Fang |last16=Cicuzza |first16=Daniele |last17=Gao |first17=Xin-Fen |last18=Li |first18=Wen-Bo |last19=Zhang |first19=Li-Bing |title=A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Asplenium (Aspleniaceae) |year=2020 |journal=Cladistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=22–71 |doi=10.1111/cla.12384|pmid=34618950 |s2cid=201197385 |doi-access=free }}
External links
{{Commons category|Asplenium adiantum-nigrum}}
{{Wikispecies}}
- [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ASAD USDA Plants Profile - Asplenium adiantum-nigrum]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q923786}}
Category:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States
Category:Native ferns of Hawaii