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Astrothelium

{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Astrothelium aeneum 1368620.jpg

| image_caption = Astrothelium aeneum found in Florida

| taxon = Astrothelium

| authority = Eschw. (1824)

| type_species = Astrothelium conicum

| type_species_authority = Eschw. (1824)

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms = *Campylothelium {{small|Müll.Arg. (1883)}}

  • Heufleria {{small|Trevis. (1853)}}
  • Pyrenodium {{small|Fée (1837)}}

}}

Astrothelium is a large genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Trypetheliaceae. The genus is characterized by a corticate thallus and diverse ascomata structures, which can be simple, aggregated, or forming {{lichengloss|pseudostromata}}. Astrothelium is also notable for the {{lichengloss|carbonized}} walls of its ascomata, the so-called {{lichengloss|textura intricata}} (i.e., tightly interwoven) arrangement of cells in these walls, and various forms of {{lichengloss|distoseptate}}, transparent spores.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1824 by German botanist Franz Gerhard Eschweiler, with Astrothelium conicum assigned as the type species.

Description

The thallus, or the vegetative body of Astrothelium, is {{lichengloss|corticate}}, meaning it is covered by a protective {{lichengloss|cortex}}. The ascomata, which are the fruiting bodies containing the reproductive spores, can appear in various forms such as simple, aggregated, or forming {{lichengloss|pseudostromata}}. These structures often differ in their composition and colour, and can be used as {{lichengloss|characters}} to distinguish between species. The ascomata can range from being immersed within the thallus to prominently displayed on the surface. The ostioles, or small openings that allow the release of spores, can be located at the apex or eccentrically on the ascomata and may appear as either simple or fused structures.

Astrothelium is also notable for its ascomatal wall, which is made up of hyphal cells and is typically carbonized. The wall features a {{lichengloss|textura intricata}}, a term used to describe a tightly interwoven arrangement of cells.

Within the {{lichengloss|hamathecium}}, the tissue that houses the asci (spore-producing structures), the cells are either clear or filled with oil droplets. The ascospores, which are the sexual spores responsible for reproduction, are {{lichengloss|distoseptate}} and hyaline in appearance. They can also exhibit a variety of forms, including transversely septate or {{lichengloss|muriform}}, reflecting their segmented or multi-cellular nature.

Species

{{As of|2024|January}}, Species Fungorum accepts 267 species in Astrothelium.

File:Trypethelium marcidum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

File:Astrothelium nigratum 84987201.jpg

References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Cáceres |first2=Marcela Eugenia da Silva |title=New Trypetheliaceae from the Amazon basin in Rondônia (Brazil), the centre of diversity of the genus Astrothelium |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/s0024282915000584 |pages=693–712 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311503074 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |title=A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/s0024282916000487 |pages=763–982 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Mendonça |first2=Cléverton de Oliveira |last3=Andrade |first3=Danyelly Santos |last4=Silva |first4=Jeanne dos Reis |last5=Martins |first5=Suzana Maria de Azevedo |last6=Gumboski |first6=Emerson |last7=Fraga |first7=Carlos Augusto Vidigal |last8=Cáceres |first8=Marcela Eugenia da Silva |title=New Trypetheliaceae from northern and southern Atlantic rainforests in Brazil |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/s0024282916000037 |pages=713–725 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Ertz |first2=Damien |last3=Etayo Salazar |first3=Javier Angel |last4=Gueidan |first4=Cécile |last5=Mercado Diaz |first5=Joel Alejandro |last6=Schumm |first6=Felix |last7=Weerakoon |first7=Gothamie |title=Forty-six new species of Trypetheliaceae from the tropics |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/s002428291600013x |pages=609–638 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Sipman |first2=Harrie J.M. |last3=Barreto |first3=Flávia Maria Oliveira |last4=Nunes |first4=Ariel Dantas |last5=Cáceres |first5=Marcela Eugenia da Silva |title=Ten new species and 34 new country records of Trypetheliaceae |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=51 |issue=1 |year=2019 |doi=10.1017/s002428291800052x |pages=27–43}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=de Souza |first2=Maria Fernanda |last3=dos Santos |first3=Lidiane Alves |last4=Junior |first4=Isaias Oliveira |last5=Barbosa |first5=Bruno Micael Cardoso |last6=da Silva |first6=Marcela Eugenia Cáceres |title=New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest |journal=The Bryologist |volume=125 |issue=3 |year=2022 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.433 |pages=435–467}}

{{Catalogue of Life |id=62DR2 |title=Astrothelium |access-date=27 March 2023}}

{{cite journal |last1=Córdova-Chávez |first1=Octavio |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |last3=Castillo-Camposa |first3=Gonzalo |last4=Cáceres |first4=Marcela Eugenia da Silva |last5=Pérez-Pérez |first5=Rosa Emilia |title=Three new lichen species from cloud forest in Veracuz, Mexico |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=35 |issue=2 |year=2014 |doi=10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.157 |pages=157–162}}

{{cite journal |last1=da Silva Cáceres |first1=Marcela Eugenia |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |title=First inventory of lichens from the Brazilian Amazon in Amapá State |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=3 |year=2016 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.3.250 |pages=250–265}}

{{cite journal |last1=da Silva Cáceres |first1=Marcela Eugenia |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |title=Lichens from the Brazilian Amazon, with special reference to the genus Astrothelium |journal=The Bryologist |volume=120 |issue=2 |year=2017 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-120.2.166 |pages=166–182}}

{{cite book |last1=Eschweiler |first1=Franz Gerhard |year=1824 |title=Systema Lichenum, Genera Exhibens rite distincta, Pluribus Novis Adaucta |pages=18, 26 |location=Nuremberg |publisher=J.L. Schrag |language=la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MidSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA18}}

{{cite journal |last1=Flakus |first1=Adam |last2=Kukwa |first2=Martin |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |year=2016 |title=Trypetheliaceae of Bolivia: an updated checklist with descriptions of twenty-four new species |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=661–692 |doi=10.1017/S0024282915000559 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Junior |first1=Isaias Oliveira |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |last3=da Silva Cáceres |first3=Marcela Eugenia |title=Lichens from Monte Pascoal, Bahia, Brazil, with some new pyrenocarpous species and a key to the Pyrenula species from Brazil |journal=The Bryologist |volume=124 |issue=4 |year=2021 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-124.4.552 |pages=552–568}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=Klaus |last2=Aptroot |first2=André |title=New lichen species from Brazil and Venezuela |journal=The Bryologist |volume=121 |issue=1 |year=2018 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.056 |pages=56–66}}

{{cite journal |last1=Kukwa |first1=Martin |last2=Rodriguez-Flakus |first2=Pamela |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Flakus |first4=Adam |title=Two new species of Astrothelium from Sud Yungas in Bolivia and the first discovery of vegetative propagules in the family Trypetheliaceae (lichen-forming Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) |journal=MycoKeys |issue=95 |year=2023 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.95.98986 |pages=83–100 |pmid=37251997 |pmc=10210239 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Nelsen |first2=Matthew P. |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Benatti |first4=Michel Navarro |last5=Binh |first5=Nguyen Quoc |last6=Gueidan |first6=Cecile |last7=Gutiérrez |first7=Martha Cecilia |last8=Jungbluth |first8=Patricia |last9=Lumbsch |first9=H. Thorsten |last10=Marcelli |first10=Marcelo P. |last11=Moncada |first11=Bibiana |last12=Naksuwankul |first12=Khwanruan |last13=Orozco |first13=Thelma |last14=Salazar-Allen |first14=Noris |last15=Upreti |first15=Dalip K. |year=2016 |title=A pot-pourri of new species of Trypetheliaceae resulting from molecular phylogenetic studies |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=639–660 |doi=10.1017/S0024282916000475 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Álvaro-Alba |first2=Wilson Ricardo |last3=Moncada |first3=Bibiana |last4=Marín-Canchala |first4=Norida Lucia |last5=Tunjano |first5=Sonia Sua |last6=Cárdenas-López |first6=Dairon |title=Lichens from the Colombian Amazon: 666 taxa including 28 new species and 157 new country records document an extraordinary diversity |journal=The Bryologist |volume=126 |issue=2 |year=2023 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.242 |pages=242–303}}

{{cite web |title=Synonymy: Astrothelium Eschw., Syst. Lich.: 26 (1824) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=443 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=26 October 2021}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q4811721}}

Category:Lichen genera

Category:Dothideomycetes genera

Category:Taxa described in 1824

Category:Taxa named by Franz Gerhard Eschweiler