Athlete biological passport
{{Short description|Electronic record for athletes}}{{Redirect|Biological passport|text=Not to be confused with Biometric passport.}}{{Doping in sport sidebar |expanded=Terminology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances.{{cite web| url=http://www.doping.chuv.ch/en/lad_home/lad-prestations-laboratoire/lad-prestations-laboratoire-passeport.htm| title=Information on the athlete biological passport| author=Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses| access-date=4 February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912082241/http://www.doping.chuv.ch/en/lad_home/lad-prestations-laboratoire/lad-prestations-laboratoire-passeport.htm| archive-date=12 September 2009| url-status=dead}}
Although the terminology athlete passport is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.
In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper.{{cite journal| pmid=11869930| title=A strategy to detect doping in sports|author=Ashenden M. |volume=87|issue=3|date=March 2002|journal=Haematologica|pages=225–32}} and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.{{cite web| url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources1/Q-and-A/Athlete-Passport/| title=Q-A on the athlete passport| publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203095904/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources1/Q-and-A/Athlete-Passport/| archive-date=3 February 2010}}
While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present their passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that they will compete in their natural, unaltered condition.
The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI.{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |title=Implementation of blood passport by UCI |publisher=UCI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222000131/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA |archive-date=22 February 2012}} In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/may/03/cycling| title=Blood tests cast doubt on 23 riders| author=Richard Moore| work=The Guardian| date=3 May 2008}}
The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.
Athlete biological passport testing
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating their physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.
The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.
The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212201604/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}
The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|title=Ressources|work=Agence mondiale antidopage|date=22 July 2014|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401051059/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}
Cycling
File:Ricardo Serrano (Tinkoff).jpg was one of the five first riders that UCI opened a biological passport case against, in 2009.Gregor Brown: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-names-first-five-biological-passport-violators UCI names first five biological passport violators], cyclingnews.com, 18 June 2009]]
= Whereabouts rules =
{{see also|World Anti-Doping Agency#Whereabouts rule}}
Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate the riders for testing on any given day in that period of time.http://www.uci.ch/includes/asp/getTarget.asp?type=FILE&id=NDc3MDk{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
= Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports =
The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.
During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.Dr. Dick Marty, Peter Nicholson, Dr. Ulrich Haas – Cycling Independent Reform Commission: Report to the President of the Union Cycliste Internationale, p.53
- Manuel Beltrán (Liquigas) tested positive for EPO at the 2008 Tour de France in a targeted test after anomalies appeared in a blood sample taken at the start of the Tour. The pre Tour blood samples were collected by the French Anti-doping Agency (AFLD) and the results from the testings were submitted to the UCI to form part of their database of profiles for their biological passport programme.[http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/134/Liquigas-risk-Tour-expulsion-as-Beltran-tests-positive.aspx Liquigas risk Tour expulsion as Beltran tests positive], velonation.com, 11 July 2008
- Gabriele Bosisio (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in September 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/news/story?id=5142121 Bosisio suspended for two years], espn.com, 28 April 2010
- Antonio Colom (Team Katusha) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two-year sanction.{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/4336/Biological-Passport-Antonio-Colom-sanctioned-for-two-years-given-large-fine.aspx#ixzz1TzAdZiui| title=Biological Passport: Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years, given large fine| publisher=Velonation.com| date=27 May 2010}}
- Thomas Dekker (Rabobank) tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker's hematological profile led the UCI to review the EPO analyses for urine samples conducted since the introduction of the biological passport programme.{{cite web| url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/dekker-caught-under-biological-passport-programme| title=Dekker caught under biological passport programme| author=Susan Westemeyer| publisher=cyclingnews.com| date=1 July 2009}}
- Danilo Di Luca (LPR Brakes-Ballan) tested positive for CERA twice during the 2009 Giro d'Italia after being targeted under the biological passport programme.Daniel Simms: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro], cyclingnews.com, 22 July 2009[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/5888037/Danilo-Di-Luca-suspended-after-failing-drug-tests-during-Giro-dItalia.html Danilo Di Luca suspended after failing drug tests during Giro d'Italia], The Telegraph, 22 July 2009
- Alberto Fernández de la Puebla (Fuji–Servetto) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in October 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/de-la-puebla-ramos-nabbed-by-passport-program De La Puebla Ramos nabbed by passport program], cyclingnews.com, 5 November 2009 He received a two-year sanction.Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-suspends-larpe-colo-for-drug-positives UCI suspends Larpe, Coló for drug positives], cyclingnews.com, 21 May 2010
- David George (MTB) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control 29 August 2012, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme of the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport (the South African national Anti-doping agency). He admitted to having used EPO and received a two-year sanction.[https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8713183/former-lance-armstrong-teammate-david-george-banned-2-years David George gets 2-year ban], espn.com 5 December 2012[http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13229/Former-US-Postal-rider-David-George-tests-positive-for-EPO.aspx Former US Postal rider David George tests positive for EPO], velonation.com 6 November 2012
- Massimo Giunti (Androni Giocattoli) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in February 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.Stephen Farrand and Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/giunti-tests-positive-for-epo-suspended Giunti tests positive for EPO, suspended], cyclingnews.com, 11 March 2010 He received a two-year sanction.Agence France-Presse: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/10/news/davide-rebellin-eladio-jimenez-sanchez-and-massimo-giunti-draw-two-year-suspensions_144312 Davide Rebellin, Eladio Jimenez Sanchez and Massimo Giunti draw two-year suspensions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025819/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/10/news/davide-rebellin-eladio-jimenez-sanchez-and-massimo-giunti-draw-two-year-suspensions_144312 |date=4 March 2016 }}, velones.com, 2 October 2010
- Eddy Ratti (De Rosa-Stac Plastic) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in January 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.Richard Tyler: [http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/ratti-tests-positive-for-epo Ratti tests positive for EPO], cyclingnews.com, 13 February 2010 He received a two-year sanction.Sébastien Toussaint: [http://www.cyclingcoverage.com/news/rider-news/article.php?id=374 Eddy Ratti suspended by the CONI for two years], cyclingcoverage.com, 2 April 2010
- Manuel Vázquez Hueso (Andalucía-Cajasur) tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition control in March 2010, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme.[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vazquez-hueso-suspended-for-epo-use Vazquez Hueso suspended for EPO use], cyclingnews.com, 26 April 2010 He received a two-year sanction.
Athletics
The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012. The Portuguese marathon runner Hélder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport.{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/7881539/helder-ornelas-portugal-banned-biological-passport-doping-case|title=Runner banned in doping case|date=2 May 2012|website= ESPN|agency=Associated Press|access-date=16 July 2014}}{{cite web| url =http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/six-new-athletes-sanctioned-under-the-iaaf-at|title=Six new athletes sanctioned under the IAAF Athlete Biological Passport programme|date= 25 July 2012|website= iaaf.org|publisher= IAAF|access-date = 16 July 2014}}IAAF: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120503230658/http://www.iaaf.org/antidoping/news/newsid%3D64772.html First doping violation concluded in Athletics on the basis of the Athlete Biological Passport], iaaf.org (via web.archive.org), 2 May 2012 He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=64099fcf-1e9a-444d-97d9-ea03d79fd4c5.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules
|title=Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 26.06.14| date =26 June 2014| website=iaaf.org
|publisher=IAAF|access-date=16 July 2014}}
= Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports =
| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:95%; width:95%;" |
| style="background:#ccccff; class="sortable"
!Name ! !Country !Event !Date of infraction/ !Sanction !Sanction !Ineligibility !Ineligibility !Reference(s) |
| data-sort-value="Abitova, Inga"|Inga Abitova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon |10 Oct. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |7 Nov. 2012 |11 Oct 2012 |10 Oct. 2014 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=00b3329b-d203-42ed-8b78-67eb448dce06.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20138%20-%20November%2FDecember%202012|title=IAAF News Edition 138 – 18 December 2012, Athletes sanctioned for a doping offence since the last newsletter, According to information received by the IAAF as of 13 December 2012|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Alminova, Anna"|Anna Alminova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |1500 m |16 Feb. 2009 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |30 July 2014 |16 Dec. 2011 |15 May 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Alptekin, Aslı Çakır"|Aslı Çakır Alptekin
|F |{{TUR}} |1500 m |29 July 2010 |8 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV) |17 Aug. 2015 |10 Jan. 2013 |9 Jan. 2021 |[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/asli-cakir-alptekin-london-2012-1500m-stripped-gold-medal-doping Turkey’s Asli Cakir Alptekin stripped of Olympic 1500m title for doping], The GuardianCAS: [http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3498.pdf MEDIA RELEASE ATHLETICS SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT IN THE CASE OF IAAF V. TURKISH ATHLETIC FEDERATION AND ASLI CAKIR-ALPTEKIN], tas-cas.orgIAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=cf40123c-5eb3-41dc-aa3f-0e390bb346b2.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 27.08.15], iaaf.org |
| data-sort-value="Arzhakova, Elena"|Elena Arzhakova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m, 1500 m |12 July 2011 |2 years ineligibility |30 April 2013 |29 Jan. 2013 |28 Jan. 2015 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=d4191023-6624-4d28-bfb0-56ac55153c17.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20143%20-%20May%202013|title=IAAF News Edition 143 – 28 May 2013 – Athletes Sanctioned for a Doping Offence since the last Newsletter, According to information received by the IAAF as of 22 May 2013|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Baday, Ahmed"|Ahmed Baday
|M |{{MAR}} |Long-distance |26 March 2010 |2 years ineligibility |6 March 2015 |31 Dec. 2014 |30 Dec. 2016 |IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=ad3b75a2-47df-4d74-b322-30eda316049e.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.03.15], 6 March 2015IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=83cd1850-0a01-4a1c-a93a-31d069aeae5a.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20161 Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 27 March 2015], iaaf.org, 31 March 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Bakulin, Sergey"|Sergey Bakulin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |25 Jan. 2011 |3 years and 2 months ineligibility |20 Jan. 2015 |24 Dec. 2012 | |RUSADA: [http://www.rusada.ru/press/news/informatsiya-o-diskvalifikatsii-legkaya-atletika-39 Информация о дисквалификации: легкая атлетика] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120155510/http://www.rusada.ru/press/news/informatsiya-o-diskvalifikatsii-legkaya-atletika-39 |date=20 January 2015 }}, 20 January 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Bensghir, Yassine"|Yassine Bensghir
|M |{{MAR}} |Middle-distance |7 June 2014 |4 years ineligibility |25 July 2016 |12 April. 2016 |11 April 2020 |
| data-sort-value="Bekele, Alemitu"|Alemitu Bekele
|F |{{TUR}} |5000 m |17 Aug. 2009 |2 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years{{cite web | url =http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=763841ee-f441-41ea-befa-961002781226.pdf&urlslug=List| title = Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 11.1.13| website = iaaf.org | publisher = IAAF| access-date = 8 February 2015}}Gregor Brown: [http://velonews.competitor.com/2015/03/news/kreuziger-faces-difficult-defense-based-wada-cas-history_362167 Kreuziger faces difficult defense based on WADA and CAS history], Velonews, 4 March 2015) |16 Jan. 2013 |3 March 2012 |2 Jan. 2015 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=dbce8e8d-bdab-46f8-8eec-32cdf25bbbe9.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20151|title=Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of March 2014|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Bogatyrev, Petr"|Petr Bogatyrev
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |12 July 2011 |2 years ineligibility |26 March 2014 |16 Oct. 2013 |15 Oct. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Borchin, Valeriy"|Valeriy Borchin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |14 Aug. 2009 |8 years ineligibility |20 Jan. 2015 |15 Oct. 2012 | |
| data-sort-value="Bouramdane, Abderrahime"|Abderrahime Bouramdane
|M |{{MAR}} |Marathon |14 March 2011 |2 years ineligibility |28 Oct. 2015 |2 Oct. 2015 |1 Oct. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Caballero, Yolanda"|Yolanda Caballero
|F |{{COL}} |Middle-/long-distance |24 Oct. 2011 |4 years ineligibility |25 May. 2016 |28 April. 2014 |27 April 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Chani, Hafid"|Hafid Chani
|M |{{MAR}} |Long-distance |19 March 2011 |4 years ineligibility |26 June 2015 |11 March 2015 |10 March 2019 |
| data-sort-value="Doğan, Bahar"|Bahar Doğan
|F |{{TUR}} |Marathon |3 June 2011 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |25 Oct. 2015 |31 March 2015 |30 Sept. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Dominguez, Marta"|Marta Dominguez
|F |{{flagu|Spain}} |Steeplechase |5 Aug. 2009 |3 years ineligibility |19 Nov. 2015 |24 June 2015 |12 Oct. 2017 |{{cite web |url= http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3561_3614.pdf|title= Tribunal Arbitral du Sport Court of Arbitration for Sport MEDIA RELEASE ATHLETICS – ANTI-DOPING MARTA DOMINGUEZ BANNED FOR 3 YEARS BY THE COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORT (CAS)|date= 19 November 2015|website= tas-cas.org|publisher= Court of Arbitration for Sport|access-date= 28 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128154051/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3561_3614.pdf| archive-date = 28 November 2015 }} |
| data-sort-value="Driouch, Hamza"|Hamza Driouch
|M |{{QAT}} |800 m, 1500 m. |2 Aug. 2012 |2 years ineligibility |24 Feb. 2015 |31 Dec. 2014 |30 Dec. 2016 |Associated Press: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150224154904/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/qatari-middle-distance-runner-given-two-year-doping-ban/2015/02/24/e9b4ca90-bc18-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html Qatari middle-distance runner given two-year doping ban], Washington Post, 24 February 2015IAAF: Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 20 February 2015. |
| data-sort-value="Dublia, Aliaksandra"|Aliaksandra Dublia
|F |{{BLR}} |Marathon |11 Oct. 2013 |2 years ineligibility |27 Jan. 2016 |28 Sept. 2015 |27 Sept. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Emelyanov, Stanislav"|Stanislav Emelyanov
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |26 July 2010 |2 years ineligibility |28 July 2014 |15 Dec. 2012 |14 Dec. 2014 |{{cite web|url =http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=6366f44a-1db1-49d1-bde3-b39c04bfc5fa.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20Anti-Doping%20Rule%20Violation%20under%20IAAF%20Rules| title=List of athletes currently serving a period of ineligibility as a result of an Anti-Doping Rule Violation under IAAF Rules as at: 28.07.14| date= 28 July 2014| publisher = IAAF| access-date =31 July 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=784c6bbd-0056-4898-9080-8e61fe24bb67.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20155|title=Positive cases in athletics SANCTIONED ACCORDING TO INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE IAAF AS OF JULY – AUGUST 2014|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="El Moukim, Rkia"|Rkia El Moukim
|M |{{MAR}} |Middle-/long-distance |19 March 2011 |2 years ineligibility |19 Feb. 2016 |19 Feb. 2016 |18 Feb. 2018 |
| data-sort-value="El Qady, Najim"|Najim El Qady
|M |{{MAR}} |Long-distance |19 March 2011 |2 years ineligibility |24 June 2016 |8 June. 2016 |7 June 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Erdoğan, Meryem"|Meryem Erdoğan
|F |{{TUR}} |Long-distance |27 July 2010 |2 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 | |14 Feb. 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Gamonal, Miguel Ángel"|Miguel Ángel Gamonal
|M |{{flagu|Spain}} |Half marathon | |3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV) |28 Oct. 2015 |26 Oct. 2015 |25 Oct. 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Goumri, Abderrahim"|Abderrahim Goumri
|M |{{MAR}} |Marathon |22 April 2009 |4 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 | |14 March 2016{{efn|A. Goumri died in a car crash in January 2013}} |{{cite web| url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=763841ee-f441-41ea-befa-961002781226.pdf&urlslug=List| title= Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 11.1.13| date = 11 January 2013| publisher = IAAF}} |
| data-sort-value="Grechishnikova, Yelizaveta"|Yelizaveta Grechishnikova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |5000 m |18 Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |3 Dec. 2013 |16 Oct. 2013 |15 Oct. 2015 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=53837114-3d12-41e2-9cde-2958aa01ddd8.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20148%20-%20November%2FDecember%202013|title=IAAF Newsletter Edition 148 – 3 December 2013|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lidiya"|Lidiya Grigoryeva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Long-distance |17 Feb. 2009 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |24 June 2016 |16 Feb. 2016 |15 Aug. 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Hachlaf, Halima"|Halima Hachlaf
|F |{{MAR}} |800 m. |14 Oct. 2013 |4 years ineligibility |24 April 2014 |19 Dec. 2013 |18 Dec. 2017 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=b52cea27-6031-4fd9-ad19-6b0fcfca6a74.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20152|title=Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 28 April 2014|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Hamera-Shmyrko, Tetyana"|Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko
|F |{{UKR}} |Marathon |26 Aug. 2011 |4 years ineligibility |20 Nov. 2015 |30 Sept. 2015 |29 Sept. 2019 |[http://uaf.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11445:rishennia-vykonkomu-flau-iakyi-vidbuvsia-v-lutsku-20-lystopada-2015-roku&catid=40:uanews Рішення Виконкому ФЛАУ, який відбувся в Луцьку 20 листопада 2015 року], uaf.org.ua, 20 November 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Hamdah, Hussain Al"|Hussain Al-Hamdah
|M |{{KSA}} |5000 m. |26 March 2009 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |25 Feb. 2015 |15 Feb. 2013 |14 Aug. 2015 |[https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html 2 Saudi athletes banned for doping offenses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111445/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/2-saudi-athletes-banned-doping-185931009--spt.html |date=5 April 2015 }}, Yahoo! Sports, 22 November 2013 |
| data-sort-value="Ishova, Ekaterina"|Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova)
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m. |12. July 2011 |2 years ineligibility |3 Dec. 2013 |23 Oct. 2013 |22 Oct. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Joly, Stéphane"|Stéphane Joly
|M |{{flagu|Switzerland}} |Cross country |14 Oct. 2010 |2 years ineligibility |5 June 2013 |29 April 2013 |28 April 2015 |[http://www.srf.ch/sport/mehr-sport/leichtathletik/dopingsperre-gegen-stephane-joly Dopingsperre gegen Stéphane Joly ], Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen, 5 June 2015[https://web.archive.org/web/20140925014251/http://www.antidoping.ch/en/laws-and-regulations/suspended-athletes Suspended Athletes], antidoping.ch |
| data-sort-value="Kanaykin, Vladimir"|Vladimir Kanaykin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |25 January 2011 |8 years |20 Jan. 2015 |17 Dec. 2012 |16 Dec. 2020 |
| data-sort-value="Kaniskina, Olga"|Olga Kaniskina
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |15 August 2009 |3 years and 2 months ineligibility |20 Jan. 2015 |15 Oct. 2012 | |
| data-sort-value="Kareiva, Natallia"|Natallia Kareiva
|F |{{BLR}} |1500 m. |28 July 2010 |2 years ineligibility |29 Sept. 2014 |22 Aug. 2014 |21 Aug. 2016 |[http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=17261 Ändrade resultatlistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008080435/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=17261 |date=8 October 2014 }}, friidrott.se 2 October 2014{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=6e9ff333-d5a3-410f-b629-8e0e936a8a33.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20156|title=IAAF: Doping sanctins News 156|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Kiraz, Ümmü"|Ümmü Kiraz
|F |{{TUR}} |Marathon |3 June 2011 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |25 Oct. 2015 |31 March 2015 |30 Sept. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Kireyeva, Svetlana"|Svetlana Kireyeva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Long-distance |26 June 2012 |2 years ineligibility |27 Jan. 2016 |4 June 2015 |3 June 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Kirdyapkin, Sergey"|Sergey Kirdyapkin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |20 August 2009 |3 years and 2 months ineligibility |20 Jan. 2015 |15 Oct. 2012 | |
| data-sort-value="Klyuka, Svetlana"|Svetlana Klyuka
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m. |15 Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 | |9 Feb. 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Kokkinariou, Eirini"|Eirini Kokkinariou
|F |{{GRE}} |Steeplechase |2 July 2009 |4 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 |27 Oct. 2011 |26 Oct. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Konovalova, Mariya"|Mariya Konovalova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon |Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |5 Nov. 2015 |27 Oct. 2015 |26 Oct. 2017 |[https://www.si.com/more-sports/2015/11/05/russian-doping-athletics-maria-konovalova-banned-two-years Report: Russia’s Maria Konovalova banned two years for doping], Sports Illustrated, 5 November 2015{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/nov/05/five-russian-athletes-banned-doping|title=Five Russian athletes suspended for doping abuse|date=5 November 2015|access-date=9 November 2015|work=The Guardian}} |
| data-sort-value="Kostetskaya, Yekaterina"|Yekaterina Kostetskaya
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m, 1500 m. |30 Aug. 2011 |2 years ineligibility |28 July 2014 |21 Jan. 2013 |20 Jan. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lydia"|Alena Kudashkina
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Long-distance |9 July 2012 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |24 June 2016 |23 Sept. 2015 |22 March 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Labäli, Abdelhadi"|Abdelhadi Labäli
|M |{{MAR}} |Middle-distance |9 July 2012 |2 years ineligibility |25 May. 2016 |27 April. 2016 |26 April 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Lemaev, Mikhail"|Mikhail Lemaev
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon |20 Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |26 Feb. 2013 |30 Jan. 2013 |29 Jan. 2015 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=46fd6fc4-0278-49d2-b6d5-da176f9ad82d.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20140%20-%20February%202013|title=IAAF News Edition 140 – 26 February 2013|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Lukyanova, Anna"|Anna Lukyanova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |19 July 2010 |2 years ineligibility |19 Feb. 2016 |26 Nov. 2015 |25 Nov. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Maracheva, Irina"|Irina Maracheva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m. |26 June 2012 |2 years ineligibility |19 Feb. 2016 |23 Jan. 2015 |22 Jan. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Minshin, Ildar"|Ildar Minshin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Steeplechase |15 Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |21 Sept. 2016 |25 Aug. 2016 |24 Aug. 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Mishchenko, Anna"|Anna Mishchenko
|F |{{UKR}} |800 m./1500m./3000 m. |28 June 2012 |2 years ineligibility |19 Feb. 2016 |18 Aug. 2015 |17 Aug. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Mineeva, Tatyana"|Tatyana Mineeva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |12 Nov. 2011 |2 years ineligibility |14 Dec. 2012 | |16 Nov. 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Morgado, Marco"|Marco Morgado
|M |{{flagu|Portugal}} |Cross country running |29 Oct. 2011 |6 years ineligibility |25 Feb. 2014 |24 Feb. 2013 |24 Feb. 2019 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=4b358876-86f2-4c0c-bfdf-074d0f0d8292.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20150%20-%20February%202014|title=IAAF News Edition 150 – 25 February 2014|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Morozov, Sergey"|Sergey Morozov
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |25 Feb. 2011 |Life ban |18 Dec. 2012 | |Life ban |
| data-sort-value="Mutlu, Semiha"|Semiha Mutlu
|F |{{TUR}} |Race walking |20 Aug. 2011 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |25 Oct. 2015 |3 March 2015 |2 Sept. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Nikolaeva, Maria"|Maria Nikolaeva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |400 m./800 m. |18 Feb. 2015 |4 years ineligibility |19 Feb. 2016 |1 Oct. 2015 |30 Sept. 2019 |
| data-sort-value="Nikolajev, Ilja"|Ilja Nikolajev
|M |{{EST}} |Marathon |16 April 2013 |2 years ineligibility |12 May 2015 |3 Feb. 2015 |2 Feb. 2017 |[http://sport.postimees.ee/3187065/nikolajevile-ja-vedehinile-maarati-pikad-voistluskeelud Nikolajevile ja Vedehinile määrati pikad võistluskeelud], Postimees, 12 May 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Obrubanskyy, Maksym Cerrone"|Maksym Cerrone Obrubanskyy
|M |{{flagu|Italy}} |1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m. |17 Feb. 2013 |4 years ineligibility |25 Feb. 2014 |30 May 2013 |29 May 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Okhotnikova, Nina"|Nina Okhotnikova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |21 June 2011 |2 years ineligibility |17 March 2015 |22 Jan. 2015 |21 Jan. 2017 |Associated Press: [https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=trackandfield&id=12499914 2 more Russian race walker banned for doping violations], espn.com, 17 March 2015Russian Athletics Federation: [http://www.rusathletics.com/ant/news.14656.htm Дисквалификация], 17 March 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Ornelas, Hélder"|Hélder Ornelas
|M |{{flagu|Portugal}} |Marathon |8 March 2010 |4 years ineligibility |2 May 2012 | |12 Jan. 2016 |
| data-sort-value="Ouhaddou, Hanane"|Hanane Ouhaddou
|F |{{MAR}} |Steeplechase |14 August 2009 |2 years ineligibility | | |7 June 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Petlyuk, Tetiana"|Tetiana Petlyuk
|F |{{UKR}} |800 m. |18 Aug. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |5 April 2013 | |19 Feb. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Redif, Meliz"|Meliz Redif
|F |{{TUR}} |400 m. |26 June 2012 |3 years ineligibility |25 Oct. 2015 |31 March 2015 |30 March 2018 |
| data-sort-value="Rocha, José"|José Rocha
|M |{{flagu|Portugal}} |Long-distance |11 Dec. 2010 |2 years ineligibility |28 Feb. 2014 |25 March 2013 |24 March 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Ruban, Yuliya"|Yuliya Ruban
|F |{{UKR}} |Marathon |8 March 2012 |2 years ineligibility |29 May 2015 |25 Feb. 2015 |24 Feb. 2017 |
| data-sort-value="Rusanova, Yuliya"|Yuliya Rusanova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m. |3 March 2011 |2 years ineligibility |26 Feb. 2013 |28 Jan. 2013 |27 Jan. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Ruzavin, Andrey"|Andrey Ruzavin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |18 Dec. 2011 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |17 March 2015 |9 Oct. 2014 |8 April 2017 |Dmitriy Rogovitskiy: [https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/russian-walker-ruzavin-banned-doping-135902652--spt.html Russian walker Ruzavin banned for doping], ca.sports.yahoo.com, 17 March 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Saka, Pınar"|Pınar Saka
|F |{{TUR}} |400 m. |18 June 2010 |3 years ineligibility |28 Jan. 2014 |3 June 2013 |2 June 2016 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=602d1acb-eb00-45eb-98d8-465009ffe758.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20149%20-%20January%202014|title=IAAF News Edition 149 – 28 January 2014|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Shaween, Mohammed"|Mohammed Shaween
|M |{{KSA}} |1500 m. |12 June 2011 |3 years ineligibility |28 July 2014 |13 Feb. 2013 |12 Feb. 2016 |
| data-sort-value="Shevchenko, Anzhelika"|Anzhelika Shevchenko
|F |{{UKR}} |1500 m. |2 July 2011 |2 years ineligibility |5 April 2013 | |17 Feb. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Shobukhova, Liliya"|Liliya Shobukhova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon |9 Oct. 2009 |2 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS) |29 April 2014 |22 Jan. 2013 |23 Aug. 2015 |{{cite web|url= http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=edbd9629-30db-44e0-82d4-3cbf790373be.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules|title= Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 06.08.15|website= iaaf.org|publisher= IAAF|access-date= 7 August 2015}}Peter Gambaccini: [http://www.runnersworld.com/general-interest/liliya-shobukhova-gets-two-year-doping-ban Liliya Shobukhova Gets Two-Year Doping Ban], Runners World & Running Times, 29 April 2014Philip Hersh: [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-shobukhova-doping-losing-marathon-titles-20150806-story.html Finally official: Liliya Shobukhova losing three Chicago Marathon titles], The Chicago Tribune, 6 August 2015WADA: [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction WADA Statement regarding Liliya Shobukhova’s Sanction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006142821/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-08/wada-statement-regarding-liliya-shobukhovas-sanction |date=6 October 2015 }}, wada-ama.org, 24 August 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Silva, Fernando"|Fernando Silva
|M |{{flagu|Portugal}} |Cross country running |29 Oct. 2011 |8 years ineligibility |26 Feb. 2014 |24 Sept. 2013 |23 Sept. 2021 |
| data-sort-value="Shmidt, Svitlana"|Svitlana Shmidt
|F |{{UKR}} |Middle-distance |8 March 2012 |4 years ineligibility |30 April 2015 |17 March 2015 |16 March 2019 |[http://uaf.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10826:dyskvalifikatsii&catid=40:uanews Дискваліфікації], uaf.org.ua, 30 April 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Syreva, Olesya"|Olesya Syreva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |1500 m, 3000 m. |3 March 2011 |2 years ineligibility |26 Feb. 2013 |1 Feb. 2013 |31 Jan. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Timofeyeva, Irina"|Irina Timofeyeva
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon |10 Oct. 2009 |2 years ineligibility |21 Sept. 2016 |6 Sept. 2016 |5 Sept. 2018 |
| Wang Jiali
|F |{{flagu|China}} |Marathon |29 May 2012 |2 years ineligibility |25 Feb. 2014 |26 Feb. 2013 |25 Feb. 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Yanit, Nevin"|Nevin Yanit
|F |{{TUR}} |Sprinting, hurdling |28 June 2012 |3 years ineligibility |6 March 2015 |6 March 2013 |5 March 2016 |{{cite web|url= http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=677a970c-4889-4a0e-a0dd-8780aae3528f.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20164| title= IAAF News Issue 164, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 26 June 2015| website = iaaf.org | publisher = IAAF| access-date = 9 July 2015}}{{cite web | url= http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=ea9ed1d4-26dd-4c22-b4c6-baf56f63d68d.pdf&urlslug=List%20of%20athletes%20currently%20serving%20a%20period%20of%20ineligibility%20as%20a%20result%20of%20an%20anti-doping%20rule%20violation%20under%20IAAF%20rules| title = Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 09.07.15| website = iaaf.org| publisher = IAAF| access-date = 9 July 2015}} |
| data-sort-value="Yerokhin, Igor"|Igor Yerokhin
|M |{{flagu|Russia}} |Race walking |25 Feb. 2011 |Life ban |24 Sept. 2013 | |Life ban |
| data-sort-value="Yosypenko, Lyudmyla"|Lyudmyla Yosypenko
|F |{{UKR}} |Heptathlon |25 Aug. 2011 |4 years ineligibility |24 Sept. 2013 |27 March 2013 |26 March 2017 |{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=c0fb1b13-3757-492c-9229-430db318ceba.pdf&urlslug=NEWS%20146%20-%20August%2FSeptember%202013|title=IAAF News Edition 146 – 24 September 2013|work=iaaf.org}} |
| data-sort-value="Yulamanova, Nailiya"|Nailiya Yulamanova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Marathon | |2 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 | |9 Feb. 2014 |
| data-sort-value="Zaripova, Yuliya"|Yuliya Zaripova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |Steeplechase |20 July 2011 |2 years and 6 months ineligibility |30 Jan. 2015 |25 July 2013 | |RUSADA: [http://www.rusada.ru/en/press/news/russian-athletes-athletics-recognized-ineligible-0 Russian athletes (athletics) recognized ineligible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130223915/http://www.rusada.ru/en/press/news/russian-athletes-athletics-recognized-ineligible-0 |date=30 January 2015 }}, 30 January 2015 |
| data-sort-value="Zinurova, Yevgeniya"|Yevgeniya Zinurova
|F |{{flagu|Russia}} |800 m. |6 March 2010 |2 years ineligibility |25 July 2012 | |12 Sept. 2013 |
In March 2014, the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. El País reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS.[http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/03/20/inenglish/1395332484_393699.html Spanish athletics federation acquits Marta Domínguez in doping probe], El País, 20 March 2014
In February 2014, IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekin's ABP-related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally.{{cite news| url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/10449957/iaaf-appeals-taf-decision-clear-asli-cakir-alptekin | agency=Associated Press| title=Asli Cakir Alptekin again banned | date=13 February 2014}} An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case.Associated Press: [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11387859 Another Russian race-walker under scrutiny], New Zealand Herald, 17 January 2015 IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases.[http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 Bir doping vakası daha Uluslararası Atletizm Federasyonu (IAAF) ve Uluslararası Anti Doping Ajansı (WADA), Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu'na 4 atletin biyolojik pasaportunda doping tespit ettiğini bildirdi. Alınan bilgilere göre bu sayı artabilir...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132431/http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 |date=2 April 2015 }}, Hürriyet, 28 February 2015
Triathlon
In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".{{cite web |url=http://www.usada.org/u-s-triathlon-athlete-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/ |title=U.S. Triathlon Athlete, Fretta, Receives Sanction for Anti-Doping Rule Violation |publisher=USADA |date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112102101/http://www.usada.org/u-s-triathlon-athlete-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/
|archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2016}} Fretta received a four-year ban, and his results from 18 August 2010 onwards were annulled.{{cite web |url=http://triathlon.competitor.com/2012/11/news/pro-mark-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation_66197 |title=Pro Mark Fretta Receives Sanction For Anti-Doping Rule Violation |publisher=triathlon.competitor.com |date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112102957/http://triathlon.competitor.com/2012/11/news/pro-mark-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation_66197 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 September 2016 }}
Football (soccer)
In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.{{in lang|fr}} [http://fr.m.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=dvorak-le-profil-biologique-une-approche-completement-nouvelle-2354963.html Anti-dopage. Dvorak : "Le profil biologique, une approche complètement nouvelle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312122242/http://fr.m.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=dvorak-le-profil-biologique-une-approche-completement-nouvelle-2354963.html |date=12 March 2017 }}, fifa.com (page visited on 11 June 2014).
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160128152255/http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=3efbe038-26e5-45a2-b285-cd2772f6b4c3.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20168
| archive-date = 28 January 2016
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| title = IAAF News Issue 169, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 23 January 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 28 January 2016
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| title = MEDIA RELEASE ATHLETICS THE COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORT (CAS) UPHOLDS SIX APPEALS FILED BY THE IAAF AGAINST RUSSIAN ATHLETES
| url = http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_announce_decision.pdf
| publisher =The Court of Arbitration for Sport
| access-date = 24 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160406051939/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_announce_decision.pdf
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| title = IAAF News Issue 170, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 19 February 2016
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| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 25 August 2016
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| title = IAAF News Issue 171, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 29 March 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 27 August 2016
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| title = IAAF News Issue 173, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 25 May 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 27 August 2016
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| url = https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=12cc343a-1599-43b0-bbbe-c9721846c60d.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20174
| title = IAAF News Issue 174, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 24 June 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 27 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827143011/https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=12cc343a-1599-43b0-bbbe-c9721846c60d.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20174
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| title = IAAF News Issue 175, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 25 July 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 27 August 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160827153542/https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=7b10b376-7b56-4999-b9f9-a10291c49e96.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20175
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| url = https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=b2ea082d-98b9-46a0-a8dc-8e79779cf205.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20176
| title = IAAF News Issue 176, Positive cases in athletics Sanctioned according to information received by the IAAF as of 21 September 2016
| website = iaaf.org
| publisher = IAAF
| access-date = 22 October 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003145434/https://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=b2ea082d-98b9-46a0-a8dc-8e79779cf205.pdf&urlslug=Doping%20sanctions%20-%20News%20176
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External links
- [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/search?f%5B0%5D=field_topic%3A154 WADA: Athletes biological passport resources]