Autonomous university
{{Short description|A university with greater university autonomy}}
{{Expand Spanish|Autonomía_universitaria|date=November 2019}}
Autonomous university typically refers to a university that exercises a high degree of autonomy from the state.{{Cite web |last1=Pruvot |first=Enora Bennetot |last2=Estermann |first2=Thomas |year=2017 |title=University Autonomy in Europe III |url=http://www.uni-med.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/University-autonomy-in-Europe_2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103185128/http://www.uni-med.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/University-autonomy-in-Europe_2017.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=European University Association |language=en |publication-place=Brussels, Belgium}}{{Better source needed|date=January 2025}}{{cite journal |last1=Serrano Migallón |first1=Fernando |title=University Autonomy: A Guarantee of Independence and Academic Freedom |journal=Voices of Mexico |date=1996 |issue=37 |pages=57–62 |url=http://www.revistascisan.unam.mx/Voices/no37.php |access-date=29 January 2025 |publisher=National Autonomous University of Mexico |location=Mexico City}} The main dimensions of university autonomy are academic, organizational, financial and staffing autonomy.
The 1988 Magna Charta Universitatum defines the first fundamental principle of a university to be an "autonomous institution" whose "research and teaching must be morally and intellectually independent of all political authority and economic power".{{Cite web |date=18 September 1988 |title=Magna Charta Universitatum |url=https://www.magna-charta.org/magna-charta-universitatum/mcu-1988/mc_english.pdf/@@download/file/mc_english.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626120741/https://www.magna-charta.org/magna-charta-universitatum/mcu-1988/mc_english.pdf/@@download/file/mc_english.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Magna Charta Universitatum |language=en-AU |publication-place=Bologna, Italy}} Different countries have their own implementation of university autonomy.{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Don |last2=Johnson |first2=Richard |date=April 1988 |title=University Autonomy in Twenty Countries |url=https://www.magna-charta.org/activities-and-projects/background-papers/university_autonomy_in_20_countries.pdf/@@download/file/University_autonomy_in_20_countries.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713000538/https://www.magna-charta.org/activities-and-projects/background-papers/university_autonomy_in_20_countries.pdf/@@download/file/University_autonomy_in_20_countries.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=26 January 2025 |publisher=Australian National University |language=en-AU |publication-place=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}
By country
{{expand list|date=November 2019}}
= China =
In 2011, the Southern University of Science and Technology launched in Shenzhen, Guangdong.{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Mimi |date=25 August 2011 |title=CHINA: Compromises for new 'autonomous' university |url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20110825212417521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128140717/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20110825212417521 |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=University World News |publisher=Higher Education Web Publishing |language=en-GB |publication-place=London, United Kingdom}} It was marketed as China's first "autonomous" university, though the level of autonomy from state institutions is disputed.
= Latin America =
File:Reforma_Universitaria.jpg]]
{{See also|Argentine university reform of 1918}}
Many Latin American countries and their universities have been affected by authoritarian dictatorships.{{Cite journal |last=Bernasconi |first=Andrés |date=14 October 2024 |title=Latin America: Weak academic freedom within strong university autonomy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S204538172400011X/type/journal_article |journal=Global Constitutionalism |language=en |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S204538172400011X |issn=2045-3817 |doi-access=free}} Student revolts starting from the National University of Córdoba in Argentina through to Mexico,{{Cite journal |last=Castro-Valencia |first=Alberto Merced |last2=Perez |first2=Cesar Omar Mora |last3=Arriaga |first3=Fabíola Guadalupe López |date=25 July 2024 |title=UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN MEXICO CASE OF THE AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO |url=https://www.openaccessojs.com/JBReview/article/view/4852 |journal=International Journal of Professional Business Review |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=e04852 |doi=10.26668/businessreview/2024.v9i7.4852 |issn=2525-3654 |doi-access=free}} expanded the concept of university autonomy in many of these countries, where it is often constitutionally guaranteed.
These include Argentina,{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Argentina 1853 (reinst. 1983, rev. 1994) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219154126/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Argentina_1994 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Bolivia,{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2009 Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126103907/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Chile,{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Chile 2023 Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chile_2023DD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116070525/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chile_2023DD |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Colombia,{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Colombia 1991 (rev. 2015) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Colombia_2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923231211/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Colombia_2015 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Costa Rica,{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Costa Rica 1949 (rev. 2011) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Costa_Rica_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217084237/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Costa_Rica_2011 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Dominican Republic,{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Dominican Republic 2015 Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Dominican_Republic_2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114120652/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Dominican_Republic_2015 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} El Salvador,{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=El Salvador 1983 (rev. 2014) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/El_Salvador_2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215052249/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/El_Salvador_2014 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Guatemala,{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=Guatemala 1985 (rev. 1993) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111173621/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Guatemala_1993 |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Honduras,{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Honduras 1982 (rev. 2013) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Honduras_2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915234246/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Honduras_2013 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Mexico,{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mexico_2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127165129/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mexico_2015 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Nicaragua,{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Nicaragua 1987 (rev. 2014) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nicaragua_2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809151631/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Nicaragua_2014 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Panama,{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Panama 1972 (rev. 2004) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Panama_2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213204551/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Panama_2004 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} Peru{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Peru 1993 (rev. 2021) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810155713/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peru_2021 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}} and Venezuela.{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 1999 (rev. 2009) |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124112131/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}}
= Portugal =
The Autonomous University of Lisbon is the first private university in Portugal.{{Cite web |title=Why Autónoma |url=https://autonoma.pt/en/because-autonomous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621010213/https://autonoma.pt/en/because-autonomous/ |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Autonomous University of Lisbon |language=en |publication-place=Lisbon, Portugal}}
= Singapore =
{{main article|Education in Singapore#Universities}}
In Singapore, autonomous universities are universities that are publicly funded but are autonomous from the state.{{Cite web |title=Post-Secondary |url=https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/post-secondary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115055417/https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/post-secondary/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=Ministry of Education |publisher=Government of Singapore |language=en-SG |publication-place=Singapore}} All public universities in Singapore are autonomous.
= Spain =
In Spain, autonomy is guaranteed to universities under Section 27 of the Spanish Constitution, which states that the "autonomy of Universities is recognized, under the terms established by the law."{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Spain 1978 (rev. 2011) Constitution |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206183325/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Spain_2011 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Comparative Constitutions Project |publisher=University of Chicago and University of Texas at Austin |language=en-US |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois and Austin, Texas}}