Autophagic cell death

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Autophagic cell death (ACD) is a controversial form of programmed cell death that is morphologically distinct from apoptosis and necrosis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenardo MJ, McPhee CK, Yu L | title = Autophagic cell death | journal = Methods in Enzymology | volume = 453 | issue = | pages = 17–31 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19216900 | pmc = 3417315 | doi = 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)04002-0 }} While autophagy is generally considered a cellular survival mechanism, ACD occurs when excessive or dysregulated autophagy leads to the cell's demise.{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S, Wang Y | title = Autophagy: Regulator of cell death | journal = Cell Death & Disease | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = 648 | date = October 2023 | pmid = 37794028 | pmc = 10551038 | doi = 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8 }} This type of cell death is characterized by the large-scale accumulation of autophagosomes, giving the cell a vacuolated appearance.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kroemer G, Levine B | title = Autophagic cell death: the story of a misnomer | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1004–10 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18971948 | pmc = 2727358 | doi = 10.1038/nrm2529 }} However, the exact mechanisms and circumstances under which autophagy transitions from a protective process to a lethal one remain subjects of ongoing debate.{{cite journal | vauthors = Denton D, Nicolson S, Kumar S | title = Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts | journal = Cell Death and Differentiation | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–95 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22052193 | pmc = 3252836 | doi = 10.1038/cdd.2011.146 | url = }}