Avelar
{{Expand Portuguese|date=February 2011|Avelar}}
{{Infobox Portuguese subdivision
| type = parish
| official_name = Avelar
| region = Centro
| CIM = Região de Leiria
| district = Leiria
| municipality = Ansião
| coordinates = {{coord|39|55|24.39|N|8|21|25.82|W|type:city_region:PT|display=inline,title}}
| area_total = 8.5
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2169
| website = {{URL|http://www.jf-avelar.pt}}
}}
{{climate chart | Avelar (1930–2013)
| 8.1 | 9.5 | 115.4
| 9 | 10.2 | 106.9
| 10.9 | 12.6 | 97.1
| 12.6 | 14.2 | 77.6
| 15 | 17 | 65.9
| 18.8 | 20.4 | 32.5
| 21.4 | 22.4 | 10.1
| 21.5 | 22.7 | 11.6
| 19.3 | 20.9 | 48.2
| 15.7 | 16.5 | 97.1
| 11.8 | 12.6 | 103.2
| 8.4 | 10.4 | 117.7
| float=right
| clear=right
| source={{cite web | url=https://climatecharts.net/ | website=Technical University of Dresden | access-date=2020-02-07 | title=ClimateCharts.net }}{{Better source|reason=Website does not provide average low/high temperatures explicitly|date=February 2020}}
}}
Avelar is a civil parish of the municipality of Ansião, Portugal. It was a vila during two occasions: for the first time from November 12, 1514 through December 31, 1836; and for the second time from June 21, 1995 to the present day.
Etymology
The name avelar is said to come from the Latin avellanale or avellanal, related to hazels (Corylus avellana).{{ cite web | url=https://www.freguesias.pt/freguesia.php?cod=100303 | access-date=2020-02-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207004901/https://www.freguesias.pt/freguesia.php?cod=100303 | archive-date=2020-02-07 | url-status=live | title=Portal das Freguesias – Avelar | language=pt }}{{Dubious|reason=Website is not linguistics-focused, and doesn't cite any sources for this claim|date=February 2020}}
The name was later appended to the town as a result of the Jewish expulsions from Spain (1391, 1492) and the subsequent resettlement of Jews in Portugal.{{cite book|last=Gitlitz|first=David|title=Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|year=1996}}{{Better source|reason=Book does not list 'Avelar', need better source beyond generalities.|date=February 2018}}{{cite book|last=Bonnin|first=Pere|title=Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood)|publisher=Flor del Viento|year=2010|isbn=9788496495395}}{{Verify source|date=February 2020}}
History
=Antiquity=
An old Roman pathway connecting Conímbriga (modern day Condeixa) to Sellium (modern day Tomar) passed through the location of modern-day Avelar.{{Better source|date=February 2020}}
=Medieval history=
The first known reference to Avelar is from the year 1137, when Afonso Henriques (not yet King of Portugal) cites an "Avellaal" on the foral granted to Penela.{{ cite web | url=https://www.cm-ansiao.pt/PT/municipes-juntas-de-freguesia/avelar | title=Avelar - Juntas de Freguesia {{!}} Portal do Município de Ansião | language=pt | access-date=2020-02-07 }}
In November 1221,{{cite book | last=Nunes Franklin | first=Francisco | year=1825 | title=Memoria para servir de indice dos foraes das terras do reino de Portugal e seus dominios | trans-title=Memory to serve as an index of forals of lands of the kingdom of Portugal and its domains | language=pt | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pcDAAAAYAAJ&q=Avelal&pg=PA256 | location=Lisbon, Portugal | publisher=Academia Real das Sciencias | page=256 }} King Afonso II, the grandson of Afonso I, gave the Avelar estate to Martim Anes, his {{ill|Alferes-mor of Portugal|lt=alferes-mor|pt|Alferes-mor de Portugal}} (the standard-bearer of the Portuguese military of the time).
=Renaissance and early modern history=
In November 1497, King Manuel I names Fernão de Pina, Rui Boto and João Façanha as officials of the Forals of the Court, with the intention of starting a reform of the old forals.{{ cite web | url=http://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/o-foral-novo-registos-que-contam-historias/ | title=O Foral Novo: registos que contam histórias | language=pt | trans-title=The New Foral: records that tell stories | website=Torre do Tombo National Archive | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601134659/http://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/o-foral-novo-registos-que-contam-historias/ | archive-date=2019-06-01 | url-status=live }} Seventeen years later, on November 12, 1514, Avelar was granted its foral, officially declaring it a town (vila).{{ cite web | url=https://www.cm-ansiao.pt/PT/noticias/794/semana-da-vila-de-avelar | date=2018-06-23 | title=Semana da Vila de Avelar | language=pt | trans-title=Vila of Avelar's week | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208181307/https://www.cm-ansiao.pt/PT/noticias/794/semana-da-vila-de-avelar | archive-date=2020-02-08 | url-status=live | website=Portal do Município de Ansião }}
Then came the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and, with it, the Iberian Union. The union ended with the Portuguese Restoration War, but the Marquesses of Vila Real, then owners of the Avelar estate, supported the right of the Spanish Kings to the Portuguese throne. Because of this, King John IV of Portugal accused them of treason, and had their properties and riches confiscated, including the Avelar estate. Those confiscated goods were later passed on to the House of the Infantado, created by King John IV himself as an appanage for the second eldest son of the Portuguese monarch.
On December 31, 1836, due to a royal decree, Avelar loses its title of vila and becomes part of the concelho of {{ill|Chão de Couce|pt}} until 1855. It then becomes part of the concelho of Figueiró dos Vinhos. In 1895, it finally becomes part of the concelho of Ansião, of which it remains to this day. This timeline, however, is disputed: other sources list Avelar as being a part of Figueiró dos Vinhos in as early as 1832{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MptDAAAAcAAJ&q=avelar&pg=RA2-PA13 | title=Projecto d'um Systema de Providencias para a Convocação das Cortes Geraes e Restabelecimento da Carta Constitucional | location=Paris | year=1832 | language=pt }} (adding to the confusion, the term used to refer to Figueiró dos Vinhos is "district", but districts were only officially defined in April 1835{{cite web | url=http://www.fd.unl.pt/Anexos/Investigacao/1806.pdf | title=Carta de Lei de 25 de abril de 1835 | language=pt | date=1835-04-25 | access-date=2020-02-08 }}).
=Modern history=
On June 21, 1995, Avelar regains its position as a vila.{{cite web | url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/547862/details/maximized | title=Diário da República n.º 200/1995, Série I-A de 1995-08-30 | date=1995-08-30 | access-date=2020-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207054810/https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/547862/details/maximized | archive-date=2020-02-07 | website=Diário da República Electrónico }} Since 2018, the town celebrates the anniversary of this event during the "Vila of Avelar Week".{{ cite web | url=https://www.jornalterrasdesico.pt/2019/06/ansiao-avelar-quer-tornar-semana-da-vila-num-evento-diferenciador/ | title=Ansião: Avelar quer tornar Semana da Vila num evento "diferenciador" | language=pt | trans-title=Ansião: Avelar wishes to turn Vila Week into a “distinguished” event | date=2019-06-12 | access-date=2020-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208184440/https://www.jornalterrasdesico.pt/2019/06/ansiao-avelar-quer-tornar-semana-da-vila-num-evento-diferenciador/ | archive-date=2020-02-08 | url-status=live }}
In 2020, the III Vila of Avelar Week was scheduled to take place from the 14 to the 21 of June, but was ultimately cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.{{ cite web | url=http://www.jf-avelar.pt/UserFiles/Atas%202020/Ata%2029.pdf | title=Ordem de Trabalhos da 29ª Reunião de Funcionamento da Junta de Freguesia de 30 de Maio de 2020 | lang=pt | date=2020-05-30 | access-date=2020-08-25 }} Instead, the celebration was shortened to a single, brief "Day of Vila of Avelar" public meeting on June 21, taking necessary precautions to prevent further spread of the virus.{{ cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/juntadefreguesia.avelar/posts/2629297390626502 | title=June 19 post by Junta de Freguesia de Avelar | website=Facebook | date=2020-06-19 | access-date=2020-08-25 }}
Population
{{ Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| 1900{{ cite book | url=https://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=censos_historia_pt_1900 | title=Censo da População do Reino de Portugal no 1º de Dezembro de 1900 - Quarto recenseamento geral da população | volume=1 | lang=pt-pt | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=160 | year=1905 }} | 1013
| 1911{{ cite book | url=https://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=censos_historia_pt_1911 | title=Censo da População de Portugal no 1º de Dezembro de 1911 - 5º Recenseamento Geral da População - Parte 1 | lang=pt-pt | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=138 | year=1913 }} | 1143
| 1920{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/66632665 | title=Censo da População de Portugal - 6º Recenseamento Geral da População | lang=pt-pt | volume=1 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=108 | year=1923 }} | 1154
| 1930{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/72364315 | title=Censo da População de Portugal - 7º Recenseamento Geral da População | lang=pt-pt | volume=1 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=114 | year=1933 }} | 1309
| 1940{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/209674177 | title=VIII Recenseamento Geral da População - Distrito de Leiria | lang=pt-pt | volume=XI | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=20 | year=1944 }} | 1480
| 1950{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/72882109 | title=IX Recenseamento Geral da População - Tomo 1 | lang=pt-pt | page=148 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | year=1952 }} | 1528
| 1960{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/72846651 | title=X Recenseamento Geral da População - Tomo 1 | lang=pt-pt | volume=1 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=55 | year=1964 }} | 1566
| 1970 (est.){{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/66631947 | title=11º Recenseamento da População - Estimativa a 20% | lang=pt-pt | year=1970 | volume=1 | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=38 }} | 1730
| 1981{{ cite book | url=https://www.ine.pt/xurl/pub/65587858 | title=XII Recenseamento Geral da População - Resultados Definitivos - Distrito de Leiria | lang=pt-pt | publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | page=3 | year=1981 }} | 2083
| 2011{{ cite web | url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011609 | title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência à data dos Censos [2021] (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida) | lang=pt-pt | website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística | date=23 November 2022 }} | 2169
| source = Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE)
}}
Administration
=Executive body=
As of February 2020, the president of the executive body of Avelar (Junta de Freguesia) is Fernando Inácio Pires Medeiros.{{cite web | url=http://www.jf-avelar.pt/Index.aspx?id=aBmrngxOFyI= | access-date=2020-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000603/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AfA7oUUBwjyMJ%3Awww.jf-avelar.pt%2FIndex.aspx%3Fid%3DaBmrngxOFyI%3D%26m%3Ds+ | archive-date=2020-02-07 | url-status=dead | title=Freguesia de Avelar - Membros de Executivo | trans-title=Civil Parish of Avelar - Executive Members | language=pt }}{{ cite web | url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115299588/details/11/maximized | title=Diário da República n.º 92/2018, Série II de 2018-05-14 | access-date=2020-02-07 | date=2018-05-02 | language=pt | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207042620/https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115299588/details/11/maximized | archive-date=2020-02-07 | website=Diário da República Electrónico }}
=Legislative body=
As of February 2020, president of Avelar's legislature (Assembleia de Freguesia) is Dina Maria Caseiro Henriques Rosa, of the Social Democratic Party.{{cite web | url=http://www.jf-avelar.pt/Index.aspx?id=3VCvIEhmGqM=&m=s | title=Freguesia de Avelar - Membros de Assembleia | access-date=2020-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207042853/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3At7kxf3PsH38J%3Awww.jf-avelar.pt%2FIndex.aspx%3Fid%3D3VCvIEhmGqM%3D%26m%3Ds+ | archive-date=2020-02-07 | url-status=dead }}{{ cite web | url=http://www.jf-avelar.pt/UserFiles/REGIMENTO-Assembleia%20Freguesia%20Avelar-%202013-2017.pdf | title=Regimento da Assembleia de Freguesia Avelar (proposta) | language=pt | date=2017 | access-date=2020-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207044335/http://www.jf-avelar.pt/UserFiles/REGIMENTO-Assembleia%20Freguesia%20Avelar-%202013-2017.pdf | archive-date=2020-02-07 | url-status=live }}
See also
- Avella, a town in southern Italy.