Azekah

File:Tel Azeka (1).JPG

In the Bible, it is said to be one of the places where the Amorite kings were defeated by Joshua, and one of the places their army was destroyed by a hailstorm ({{bibleverse||Joshua|10:10-11|HE}}). It was given to the tribe of Judah ({{bibleverse||Joshua|15:20|HE}}).Amit (n.d.), pp. 333–334 In the time of Saul, the Philistines massed their forces between Sokho and Azekah, putting forth Goliath as their champion ({{bibleverse|1|Samuel|17|HE}}). Rehoboam fortified the town in his reign, along with Lachish and other strategic sites ({{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|11:5-10|HE}}). In a clay tablet inscribed in Assyrian script Azekah is mentioned as being a fortified town, during the time of Sennacherib's military excursion in the country. Lachish and Azekah were the last two towns to fall to the Babylonians before the overthrow of Jerusalem itself ({{bibleverse||Jeremiah|34:6-7|HE}}). It was one of the places re-occupied by the people on the return from the Captivity ({{bibleverse||Nehemiah|11:30|HE}}).

Although the hill is now widely known as the Tel (ruin) of Azekah, in the early 19th-century the hilltop ruin was known locally by the name of Tell Zakariyeh.Zenger (2008), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0nH2WWHyIvQC&dq=%22palestine+grid%22+1594.1104&pg=PA721 721] J. Schwartz was the first to identify the hilltop ruin of Tell-Zakariyeh as the site of Azekah on the basis of written sources.Freedman (1992), p. 538 (s.v. Azekah) Schwartz's view was supported by archaeologist William F. Albright,Albright (1921–1922), p. 14 by R.A. Stewart Macalister,Macalister (1899), p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme31pale#page/36/mode/1up 36] and by 1953, the Government Naming Committee in Israel had already decided upon giving the name "Tel Azekah" to Khirbet Tall Zakariya.Government Naming Committee (1953), p. 638 ("Kh. Tall Zakariya = תל עזקה").

In 1838, British-American explorer Edward Robinson passed by the site of Tell Zakariyeh, which stood to the left of the modern village bearing the same name (Az-Zakariyya, which was depopulated in 1948 and later settled by the moshav Zekharia).Robinson (1856), [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc02smitgoog#page/n34/mode/2up pp. 16, 21] French explorer Victor Guérin thought another "Beit Zecharias" to be the village mentioned in the Book of I Maccabees (6:32), and which he locates further to the east at a place called Beit Zakaria (Beit Skaria),Guérin (1869), pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n329/mode/2up 316]–319. As Josephus puts 70 stadia distance between Beit-Zachariah and Beit-Sur, Guérin writes on page 318 (translated from the French): "Seventy stadia is almost thirteen kilometers from that which separates Beit-Zakaria from Beit-Sour (Beth-Tsour). But we know, from many other passages, that we should not ask Josephus for mathematical precision in terms of figures, and the interval he indicates between Beth Zacharias and the citadel of Bethsura (Beth-Tsour) is sufficiently accurate to allow us to conclude that the first of these two points cannot be placed anywhere other than the present village of Beit-Zakaria" (End Quote)Josephus, Antiquities (Book xii, chapter ix, verse 4) a view also held by C.R. Conder who thought the site of the battle between Judas Maccabeus and the Grecian army was in none other than the more easterly Beit Skaria.Claude R. Conder (1878), p. [https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest01conduoft#page/278/mode/2up 279] C.W.M. van de Velde who visited the site between 1851–1852 held the view that this Tell Zakariya and its adjacent Kefr Zakariya are not the same as Josephus' Beit Zacharia, where Judas Maccabeus engaged the invading Grecian army.van de Velde (1858), p. [https://archive.org/stream/memoirtoaccompa00veldgoog#page/n124/mode/1up 116 (note 1)] The matter, however, remains disputed.

"As for Azekah," Guérin writes, "it has not yet been found with certainty, this name appearing to have disappeared."Guérin (1869), p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n345/mode/2up 333]. Original French: "Quant à Azéca, en hébreu A’zekah, elle n’a pas encore été retrouvée d’une manière certaine, ce nom paraissant avoir disparu." Scholars believe that the town's old namesake (Azekah) can be seen in its modern-day corruption, "az-Zakariyeh".{{cite book |author1=Tsafrir, Y.|authorlink1=Yoram Tsafrir|author2=Leah Di Segni |author3=Judith Green |title=(TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani. Iudaea, Palestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods; Maps and Gazetteer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities |location=Jerusalem |year=1994 |isbn=965-208-107-8|page=72}} In contrast, Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund had strong reservations about connecting the site Tell Zakariya with the biblical Azekah.Conder (1900), p. [https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme32pale/page/n127/mode/2up 77]

In the mosaic layout of the Madaba Map of the 6th century CE (ca. 565 CE), the site is mentioned in conjoined Greek uncials: Το[ποθεσία] του Αγίου Ζαχαρίου, Βεθζαχαρ[ίου] (= [The] site of St. Zacharias, Beth Zachar[ias]).Donner (1995), s.v. Beth Zachar[ias] ({{langx|el|ΒΕΘΖΑΧΑΡ[ΊΟΥ]}}) Epiphanius of Salamis writes that, in his day, Azekah was already called by the Syriac name Ḥǝwarta.Epiphanius (1935), p. 72 (§ 64)Notley, et al. (2005), p. 19, note 47, have noted: "According to his (Epiphanius') formulation, it would seem that he was of the opinion that Hiwarta, which means 'white' (lavan), is the translation of Azekah. About five kilometers to the southeast of Tell Zechariah is a high hill called Tell el-Beida, meaning in Arabic 'white'. In current maps, the site is named Tell Livnin, which means the hill of bricks (livanim), and it is to this that Eusebius (who also wrote about Azekah) most probably referred. 'Azekah' is not 'white', either in Hebrew or in Aramaic. Le-azek in Hebrew means to remove stones, and then the soil appears a bit paler. It therefore appears that Epiphanius, who was born in Beit Zedek, near Eleutheropolis, identified Azekah with Tell el-Beida. Azekah is six kilometers from Eleutheropolis, and Tell Livnin is eight kilometers from there. Epiphanius adapted the new name to the identification by means of an etymological exegesis that has no linguistic basis. At any rate, no settlement existed on Tell Azekah in the Roman-Byzantine period. The early site moved from the high hill to the fields in the plain at the foot of the tell. It may possibly have moved as far as Kh. el-Beida, although this is difficult to accept."

Modern Israeli archaeologists have noted that, because of the existence of an adjacent ruin now known as Khirbet Qeiyafa, and which is situated opposite Socho, not to mention the site's "unusual size and the nature of the fortifications," that there are good grounds to suggest that the site in question may actually point to the biblical Azekah.Garfinkel, et al. (n.d.)

Azekah, known to have been built on a mountain ridge,Rainey (1983), p. 15 is mentioned in two sources outside of the Bible. A text from the Assyrian king Sennacherib describes Azekah and its destruction during his military campaign.

:(3) […Ashur, my lord, encourage]ed me and against the land of Ju[dah I marched. In] the course of my campaign, the tribute of the kings of Philistia? I received…

:(4) […with the mig]ht of Ashur, my lord, the province of [Hezek]iah of Judah like […

:(5) […] the city of Azekah, his stronghold, which is between my [bo]rder and the land of Judah […

:(6) [like the nest of the eagle? ] located on a mountain ridge, like pointed iron daggers without number reaching high to heaven […

:(7) [Its walls] were strong and rivaled the highest mountains, to the (mere) sight, as if from the sky [appears its head? …

:(8) [by means of beaten (earth) ra]mps, mighty? battering rams brought near, the work of […], with the attack by foot soldiers, [my] wa[rriors…

:(9) […] they had seen [the approach of my cav]alry and they had heard the roar of the mighty troops of the god Ashur and [their] he[arts] became afraid […

:(10) [The city Azekah I besieged,] I captured, I carried off its spoil, I destroyed, I devastated, [I burned] with fire…Na'aman (1974), pp. 25-39

File:Valley of Elah from Tel Azeka.jpg

Azekah is also mentioned in one of the Lachish letters. Lachish Letter 4 suggests that Azekah was destroyed, as they were no longer visible to the exporter of the letter. Part of the otracon reads:

:"And inasmuch as my lord sent to me concerning the matter of Bet Harapid, there is no one there. And as for Semakyahu, Semayahu took him and brought him up to the city. And your servant is not sending him there any[more -], but when morning comes round [-]. And may (my lord) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given, because we cannot see Azeqah."Ahituv (2008), p. 70 (s.v. Lachish letters)

Conder and Kitchener, citing Sozomenus (Rel. Pal., p. 753),Sozomen (1855), [https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog#page/n443/mode/1up book ix, chapter 17], covering the years 408–425 CE mention the non-biblical site of Caphar Zachariah ({{langx|el|Χαφάρ Ζαχαρία}}) being in the region of Eleutheropolis, and conclude that this would point to the village Zakariya near Tell Zakariya.Conder & Kitchener (1882), p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/418/mode/2up 418] Theodosius, archdeacon and pilgrim to the Holy Land, produced a Latin map and itinerary of his travels in Palestine, entitled De Situ Terrae Sanctae ca. 518–530, in which he wrote: "De Eleutheropoli usque in locum, ubi iacet sanctus Zacharias, milia VI" [= "From Beit Gubrin, as far as to the place where lies the holy [prophet], Zechariah, there are 6 milestones"].Theodosius (1882), p. [https://archive.org/details/theodosiusdesit00theogoog/page/n21/mode/1up 17] Israeli archaeologist Yoram Tsafrir has identified this "resting place of the holy Zechariah" with the nearby Arab village of the same name, Az-Zakariyya, north of Beit Gubrin.Tsafrir (1986), p. 130 (note 9) Tsafrir notes that Theodosius' location corresponds with the "Beth Zechariah" inscribed on the Madaba Map, and which site is placed alongside of Saphitha (now Kh. es-Safi).Tsafrir (1986), pp. 138, 141. Tsafrir points out on page 138 that in the Madaba Map is shown "the church next to the grave of the prophet Zechariah and near Beth-Zechariah (Βεθζαχάρ) is portrayed in all its splendor [a writing], standing for loco, ubi requiescit sanctus Zacharias (Fig. 7)" [= Lit. "The place where rests the holy Zachariah."] J. Gildemeister reasons that one can ask whether it (Kefar Zakariah) is the same place that appears in distorted forms (e.g. Beit Zachariah) in other writings.Theodosius (1882), p. 17 (note 17). Cf. Klein (1915:168) who wrote: "The fact that the name Ṣaidan (ציידן) is not preceded by the word 'Beth' (בית) presents no difficulty in explaining the two names as being identical, since similar things are more common among Galilean names (e.g. Maon and Meron; Beth-Maon and Beth-Meron)." Similarly, Vilnay (1954:131) wrote concerning the word "Beit" prefixed to place names: "The name Beth-Geres –– Geres, recalls the biblical names: Beth-Nimrah –– Nimrah; Beth-Azmoth –– Azmoth; Beth-Gilgal –– Gilgal; Beth-Lebaoth –– Lebaoth, etc. These two forms of the same name are also found in talmudic literature: Beth-Haifa –– Haifa, Beth-Moron –– Meron, Beth-Maon –– Maon, etc." Romanoff (1935-1936:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622261?read-now=1&seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents 156 (note 7]), writes similarly: "The term בית [= Beit] was also equivalent to כפר [= Kefar]: e.g. Beit Shearim = Kefar Shearim, etc." Robinson thought that Zakariyeh, as applied to a village, referred here to the site of the Caphar Zechariæ mentioned by Sozomen in the region of Eleutheropolis.Robinson, et al. (1856), p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc02smitgoog#page/n35/mode/1up 17] Most scholars point to the other Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah, towards the east (grid 1617.1190), as the burial place of the said Zachariah, having been found there the ruins of a Byzantine church now turned mosque, and which church is thought to be featured in the Madaba Map.

File:Ajjur 1947.jpg

File:Cave under Tel Azeka 041314.JPG

PEF researcher, C.W. Wilson, concluded in 1899 that Tell Zakariya was occupied at an early pre-Israelite period, and that it was probably deserted soon after the Roman occupation.Wilson (1899), pp. [https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale/page/334/mode/2up 334–336] The wall which encircles the old ruin shows signs of having been several times rebuilt. In cut and design, the stones appear to have been of Maccabean construction.

PEF surveyors, Conder and Kitchener, described the ruin in their magnum opus, the Survey of Western Palestine, saying that they noted on the south-side of the summit an ancient olive-press, among other ruins.Conder & Kitchener (1882), p. [https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/440/mode/2up 441]

Excavations by the English archaeologists Frederick J. Bliss and R. A. Stewart Macalister in the period 1897–1900 at Tel Azekah revealed a fortress, water systems, hideout caves used during Bar Kokhba revolt and other antiquities, such as LMLK seals. The principal areas of excavation were on the summit's southwestern extremity, where were found the foundations of three towers; the southeastern corner of the tell, where the fortress was located and built primarily of hewn stones; and at an experimental pit located in the center of the summit.Amit (n.d.), p. 334 Azekah was one of the first sites excavated in the Holy Land and was excavated under the Palestine Exploration Fund for a period of 17 weeks over the course of three seasons. At the close of their excavation Bliss and Macalister refilled all of their excavation trenches in order to preserve the site. The site is located on the grounds of a Jewish National Fund park, Britannia Park.[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/884080.html Archaeological mounds]

In 2008 and 2010, a survey of the site was conducted by Oded Lipschits, Yuval Gadot, and Shatil Imanuelov, on behalf of Tel-Aviv University's Institute of Archaeology.Israel Antiquities Authority, [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2008 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008], Survey Permit # G-53; Israel Antiquities Authority, [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010], Survey Permit # S-159

The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition, part of the regional Elah Valley Project, commenced in the summer of 2012. It is directed by Prof. Oded Lipschits of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, together with Dr Yuval Gadot of TAU and with Prof. Manfred Oeming of Heidelberg University. and is a consortium of over a dozen universities from Europe, North America, and Australia. In its first season 300 volunteers worked for six weeks and uncovered walls, installations, and many hundreds of artifacts. As part of the Jewish National Fund park, whenever possible structures will be conserved and displayed to the public. In April, 2025, it was announced that a three-year-old Israeli toddler stumbled upon a 3,800 year old Canaanite seal near Tel Azeka.https://www.timesofisrael.com/three-year-old-girl-finds-canaanite-seal-where-bible-says-david-battled-goliath/

• E. Stern, "Azekah," in: The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, E. Stern (ed.), Israel Exploration Society: Jerusalem 1993, pp. 123–124
• {{cite journal |last=Vincent|first=H. |title=Notes archéologiques et nouvelles: Les fouilles anglaises a Tell Zakariya |journal=Revue Biblique |publisher=Peeters Publishers |location=Leuven |volume=8|issue=3 |pages=444–459|year=1899|jstor=44100447|language=fr }}

{{Reflist}}

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• {{cite book|last=Ahituv|first=S.|author-link1=:he:שמואל אחיטוב|translator=Anson F. Rainey|title=Echoes from the past: Hebrew and cognate inscriptions from the biblical period |year=2008|location=Jerusalem |publisher=Carta|isbn=9789652207081}}
• {{cite journal |last=Albright|first=W.F.|author-link=William F. Albright|title=Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine|journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven |volume=2-3 |page=14|date=1921–1922|doi=10.2307/3768450 |jstor=3768450 |language=en }}
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• {{cite book|last=Conder|first=C.R.|author-link=C. R. Conder|title=Tent Work in Palestine |volume=1 |publisher=Bentley on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund|year=1879|location=London|language=en|url=https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest01conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up |oclc=874358311}}
• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/n7/mode/2up|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=2}}
• {{cite journal |last=Conder |first=C.R. |author-link=C. R. Conder|title=Notes on the October 'Quarterly Statement' |journal= Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |volume=32 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme32pale/page/n3/mode/2up|year=1900}}
• {{cite book |author-last=Donner |author-first=Herbert|author-link=:de:Herbert Donner|title=The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide |publisher=Peeters Publishers / Kok Pharos Publishing House |series=Palaestina Antiqua 7 |location=Kampen, the Netherlands|year=1995 |edition=2 |page=22|language=en |isbn=90-390-0011-5 |oclc=636083006 }}
• {{cite book|last=Epiphanius|author-link=Epiphanius of Salamis|title=Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures - The Syriac Version |editor=James Elmer Dean |publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1935|location=Chicago|language=en|oclc=123314338}}
• {{Citation |title= The Anchor Bible Dictionary|editor-last1=Freedman |editor-first1=David Noel |editor-link= David Noel Freedman|volume= 1 |place =New York|year=1992 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gadot |first1=Yuval |last2=Lipschits |first2=Oded |author-link2=Oded Lipschits |title=TEL AZEKAH 113 YEARS AFTER Preliminary Evaluation of the Renewed Excavations at the Site |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=75 |issue=4 |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2432893 |pages=196–206|doi=10.5615/neareastarch.75.4.0196 |s2cid=163653449 }}
• {{cite web |last1=Garfinkel |first1=Yossi |author-link1=Yosef Garfinkel |last2=Ganor |first2=Sa’ar |author-link2=Saar Ganor |title=Horvat Qeiyafa: The Fortification of the Border of the Kingdom of Judah |publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority |date=n.d. |url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=491&id=1332 |access-date=2 June 2020 }}
• {{Citation |contribution=State of Israel Records |title=Collection of Publications, no. 277 |last=Government Naming Committee |author-link=Government Naming Committee |publisher=Government of Israel|place=Jerusalem|year=1953 |url=https://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law10/yalkut-0277.pdf |language=he}}
• {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n329/mode/2up|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
• {{cite journal |last=Klein |first=S. |author-link=Samuel Klein (scholar)|title=Hebräische Ortsnamen bei Josephus (Hebrew place names in Josephus) |journal=Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums |volume=59 |issue=7/9 |pages=156–169|date=1915|jstor=23080489|language=de }}
• {{cite journal |last=Macalister |first=R.A. Stewart |author-link=R. A. Stewart Macalister |title=The Rock-Cuttings of Tell Zakariya |journal=Quarterly Statement |publisher=PEF|volume=31 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale/quarterlystateme31pale/page/25/mode/1up?view=theater 25]–36 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale |year=1899}}
• {{cite journal |last=Na'aman|first=Nadav |author-link=:he:נאמן נדב|title=Sennacherib's 'Letter to God' on His Campaign to Judah|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=214|year=1974|issue=214 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.2307/1356102 |jstor=1356102 |s2cid=163389832 |language=en |issn=0003-097X |oclc=5546206597 }} (from Lipschitz, Tel Azekah 113)
• {{cite book |editor-last1=Notley |editor-first1=R.S. |editor-last2=Safrai |editor-first2=Z. |editor-link2=Ze'ev Safrai |title=Eusebius, Onomasticon: The Place Names of Divine Scripture |publisher=E.J. Brill|date=2005 |location=Boston / Leiden|language=en|oclc=927381934 |isbn=0-391-04217-3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Rainey|first=A.F.|author-link=Anson Rainey|title=The Biblical Shephelah of Judah|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|publisher=The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=251 |issue= 251|pages=1–22|date=1983|doi=10.2307/1356823 |jstor=1356823|s2cid=163604987 |language=en}}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1856|url=https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc02smitgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions. Journal of Travels in the Year 1838|location=London / Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=2 |oclc=425957927 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Romanoff|first=Paul |title=Onomasticon of Palestine|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|publisher=American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=7 |year=1935–1936|pages=147–227 |language=en |jstor=3622261 |doi=10.2307/3622261}}
• {{cite book |author=Sozomen |author-link=Sozomen |title=The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen: Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440 |url=https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalh00walfgoog|publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1855 |isbn=9780790565682 |oclc=78734887 }}
• {{cite book|last=Theodosius the archdeacon|editor=J. Gildemeister|title=Theodosius de situ Terrae sanctae im ächten Text und der Breviarius de Hierosolyma (Theodosius on places of the Holy Land)|year=1882|location=Bonn|publisher=Adolph Marcus |url=https://archive.org/details/theodosiusdesit00theogoog/page/n4/mode/2up |oclc=401990911}}
• {{cite journal |last=Tsafrir |first=Y.|author-link=Yoram Tsafrir |title=The Maps Used by Theodosius: On the Pilgrim Maps of the Holy Land and Jerusalem in the Sixth Century C. E. |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |volume=40 |year=1986 |pages=129–145 |language=en |jstor=1291534 |doi=10.2307/1291534 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite book|last=van de Velde|first=C.W.M.|author-link=Charles William Meredith van de Velde |year=1858|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirtoaccompa00veldgoog|title=Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Holy Land | location=Gotha|publisher=Justus Perthes}}
• {{cite journal |last=Vilnay|first=Z.|author-link=Zev Vilnay|title=Identification of Talmudic Place Names |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |volume=45|issue=2 |year=1954|pages=130–140|doi=10.2307/1452901|language=en |jstor=1452901 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Wilson|first=Charles W.|author-link=Charles William Wilson |title=A Visit to Tell Zakariya |journal=Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund |volume=31 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme31pale/page/n3/mode/2up |year=1899}}
• {{cite book|last=Zenger|first=Erich |author-link=Erich Zenger |title=Einleitung in das Alte Testament |year=2008|location=Stuttgart|publisher=W. Kohlhammer|isbn=978-3-17-020695-3 |language=de }}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Tel Azeka}}

• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8378 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.16.jpg Wikimedia commons]
• [http://azekah.org/ The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition- Current website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113162323/http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/azekah/ The Lautenschläger Azekah Expedition]

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