Azospirillum

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}

{{Taxobox

| name = Azospirillum

| domain = Bacteria

| phylum = Pseudomonadota

| classis = Alphaproteobacteria

| ordo = Rhodospirillales

| familia = Azospirillaceae

| genus = Azospirillum

| genus_authority = Tarrand et al. 1979{{cite journal| vauthors = Parte AC |title=Azospirillum|website=LPSN|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/azospirillum}}

| type_species = Azospirillum lipoferum

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

| synonyms = * Conglomeromonas Skerman et al. 1983

}}

Azospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-fermentative and nitrogen-fixing bacterial genus from the family of Rhodospirillaceae.{{cite book| vauthors = Arora NK |title=Plant Microbes Symbiosis: Applied Facets|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-81-322-2068-8}}{{cite journal |title=Azospirillum |website=www.uniprot.org |url= https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/191 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Steenhoudt O, Vanderleyden J | title = Azospirillum, a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium closely associated with grasses: genetic, biochemical and ecological aspects | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 487–506 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 10978548 | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00552.x | doi-access = free }}{{cite book | first1 = Fabricio Dario | last1 = Cassán | first2 = Yaacov | last2 = Okon | first3 = Cecilia M | last3 = Creus | name-list-style = vanc |title=Handbook for Azospirillum: Technical Issues and Protocols|date=2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06542-7 |location=Cham|oclc=908335504}} Azospirillum bacteria can promote plant growth.{{cite book | vauthors = Katsy EI |title=Plasticity in plant-growth-promoting and phytopathogenic bacteria|date=2014|publisher=Imprint: Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-9203-0}}

Characteristics

The genus Azospirillum belongs in the Alphaproteobacteria class of bacteria. Azospirillum are gram-negative, do not form spores, and have a slightly twisted oblong-rod shape.{{cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1|title=The Prokaryotes: Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria|date=2014|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-30196-4|editor-last=Rosenberg|editor-first=Eugene |editor-last2=DeLong|editor-first2=Edward F.|editor-last3=Lory|editor-first3=Stephen|editor-last4=Stackebrandt|editor-first4=Erko|editor-last5=Thompson|editor-first5=Fabiano | name-list-style = vanc |location=Berlin, Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-30197-1|s2cid=12080582 }} {{cite book| vauthors = Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J |url= https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49558966 |title=Brock biology of microorganisms|date=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall/Pearson Education|isbn=0-13-066271-2|edition=10th|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|oclc=49558966}} Azospirillum have at least one flagellum and sometimes multiple flagella, which they use to move rapidly. Azospirillum are aerobic, but many can also function as microaerobic diazotrophs, meaning, under low oxygen conditions, they can change inert nitrogen from the air into biologically usable forms. At least three species, A. melinis, A. thiophilum, and A. humicireducens are facultative anaerobes, and can live, if necessary, without oxygen. Growth of Azospirillum is possible between 5 °C and 42 °C and in substrates with a pH of 5 to 9, with optimal growth occurring around 30 °C and 7 pH. Microbiologists use nitrogen-free semi-solid media to isolate Azospirillum from samples. The most commonly used media is called "NFb".

Discovery and reclassification

The first species described in the genus was originally named Spirillum lipoferum in 1925 by M.W. Beijerinck.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukami J, Cerezini P, Hungria M | title = Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation | journal = AMB Express | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 73 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29728787 | pmc = 5935603 | doi = 10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1 | url = | doi-access = free }} In Brazil, during the 1970s, similar strains of this species were found associated with the roots of grain plants by scientists led by Dr. Johanna Döbereiner. Her group discovered that these bacteria had the ability to fix nitrogen. Due to this discovery, Spirillum lipoferum was reclassified in 1978 as Azospirillum lipoferum by Jeffery Tarrand, Noel Krieg, and Döbereiner, who also added Azospirillum brasilense to the genus.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarrand JJ, Krieg NR, Döbereiner J | title = A taxonomic study of the Spirillum lipoferum group, with descriptions of a new genus, Azospirillum gen. nov. and two species, Azospirillum lipoferum (Beijerinck) comb. nov. and Azospirillum brasilense sp. nov | journal = Canadian Journal of Microbiology | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 967–80 | date = August 1978 | doi = 10.1139/m78-160 | pmid = 356945 | url = https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/m78-160 | hdl = 10919/54873 | hdl-access = free }} By 2020, twenty-one species of Azospirillum had been described, most of which had been discovered after the year 2000.{{cite web|title=Genus: Azospirillum|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/azospirillum|access-date=2020-10-20|website=lpsn.dsmz.de|language=en}}

Origin of name

The prefix "Azo-" comes from the French word "azote", which means nitrogen. This prefix is used to denote the ability of the bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The ending "-spirillum" refers to the shape of the bacteria, which is similar to spiral-shaped bacteria in the genus Spirillum.

Ecological and agricultural significance

Azospirillum are found in freshwater and soil habitats, especially in close relationships with plant roots. Associations with plants are thought to be largely beneficial. Over 113 species of plants in 35 different plant families have been documented to have benefited from association with a species of Azospirillum.{{Cite journal|last1=Pereg|first1=Lily|last2=de-Bashan|first2=Luz E.|last3=Bashan|first3=Yoav|date=February 2016|title=Assessment of affinity and specificity of Azospirillum for plants|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-015-2778-9|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=399|issue=1–2|pages=389–414|doi=10.1007/s11104-015-2778-9|bibcode=2016PlSoi.399..389P |s2cid=8547931|issn=0032-079X|url-access=subscription}} In addition to vascular plants, the growth of the algae Chlorella vulgaris was positively affected by the presence of Azospirillum.{{Cite journal|last1=Meza|first1=Beatriz|last2=de-Bashan|first2=Luz E.|last3=Hernandez|first3=Juan-Pablo|last4=Bashan|first4=Yoav|date=2015-06-01|title=Accumulation of intra-cellular polyphosphate in Chlorella vulgaris cells is related to indole-3-acetic acid produced by Azospirillum brasilense|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250815000443|journal=Research in Microbiology|language=en|volume=166|issue=5|pages=399–407|doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.001|pmid=25797155|issn=0923-2508|doi-access=free}} Since the 1970s, Azospirillum strains have been researched for their effects in improving agricultural yields and improving growth of wild plants. In 2009, the first commercial inoculants containing Azospirillum came on the market, and by 2018, over 3 million doses were applied annually to crops by farmers, mainly in South America.{{Cite journal|last1=Fukami|first1=Josiane|last2=Cerezini|first2=Paula|last3=Hungria|first3=Mariangela|date=2018-05-04|title=Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation|url= |journal=AMB Express|volume=8|issue=1|pages=73|doi=10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1|issn=2191-0855|pmc=5935603|pmid=29728787 |doi-access=free }}

Plant growth promotion

File:Azo_pic.tif

Azospirillum promote plant growth through a variety of mechanisms. Many Azospirillum excrete plant hormones that alter how the roots of plants grow. Affected roots frequently grow more branches and fine root hairs, which may help the plants acquire water and nutrients more efficiently. In addition to these changes, Azospirillum can also alter the forms of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to make them more available to plants. However, how much nitrogen Azospirillum contribute to crop plants via biological fixation is debated.{{Citation|last1=Bashan|first1=Yoav|title=Chapter Two - How the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum Promotes Plant Growth—A Critical Assessment|date=2010-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211310080028|work=Advances in Agronomy|volume=108|pages=77–136|editor-last=Sparks|editor-first=Donald L.|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-2113(10)08002-8|access-date=2020-11-03|last2=de-Bashan|first2=Luz E.|url-access=subscription}} Azospirillum also make antioxidants that protect the plant roots from stresses due to drought and flooding.

Plant growth can also be promoted indirectly by Azospirillum reducing plant disease. Azospirillum competes with pathogens on the roots for space and for trace nutrients such as iron. The plants' immune systems can also be primed by Azospirillum to resist attack by pathogens, a process known as induced systemic resistance.

Known species and genetic diversity

Azospirillum genus harbor over than 20 described species. Despite the remarkable plant growth-promotion properties, less than half of Azospirillum species have the genome sequenced: A. brasilense, A. thiophilum, A. lipoferum, A. oryzae, A. palustre, A. doebereinerae, A. halopraeferens and several undescribed Azospirillum sp. strains. When accessing a phylogenetic tree with all Azospirillum genomes, it is possible to identify two monophyletic groups, one harboring exclusively A. brasilense strains and another the remaining species.{{Cite journal|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Gustavo Lima|last2=Matteoli|first2=Filipe Pereira|display-authors=etal|title=Characterization of cellular, biochemical and genomic features of the diazotrophic plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum sp. UENF-412522, a novel member of the Azospirillum genus |journal=Microbiological Research|volume=254|date=2022-01-01|page=126896 |doi=10.1016/j.micres.2021.126896 |pmid=34715447 |s2cid=239491293 |doi-access=free}} This strongly suggests a higher differentiation of A. brasilense from the remaining strains. The second clade also has very high diversity and not enough resolution to determine strains species only using genetic data.

class="wikitable"

!Name

!Paper that first described species

!Details about species

Azospirillum agricola

|Lin et al. 2016

|Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Shih-Yao|last2=Liu|first2=You-Cheng|last3=Hameed|first3=Asif|last4=Hsu|first4=Yi-Han|last5=Huang|first5=Hsin-I|last6=Lai|first6=Wei-An|last7=Young|first7=Chiu-Chung|date=2016-03-01|title=Azospirillum agricola sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from cultivated soil|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=66|issue=3|pages=1453–1458|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000904|pmid=26786719|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum brasilense

|corrig. Tarrand et al. 1979

|Isolated from roots of grasses in South America; One of the best studied species in the genus; Heavily researched for applications in agriculture; Used commercially to promote crop growth, especially in South America.

Azospirillum canadense

|Mehnaz et al. 2007

|Isolated from corn roots in Canada{{Cite journal|last1=Mehnaz|first1=Samina|last2=Weselowski|first2=Brian|last3=Lazarovits|first3=George|date=2007-03-01|title=Azospirillum canadense sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from corn rhizosphere|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=620–624|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64804-0|pmid=17329796|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum doebereinerae

|Eckert et al. 2001

|Isolated from Miscanthus grass roots in Germany{{Cite journal|last1=Eckert|first1=B|last2=Weber|first2=O B|last3=Kirchhof|first3=G|last4=Halbritter|first4=A|last5=Stoffels|first5=M|last6=Hartmann|first6=A|date=2001-01-01|title=Azospirillum doebereinerae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with the C4-grass Miscanthus.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=51|issue=1|pages=17–26|doi=10.1099/00207713-51-1-17|pmid=11211255|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum fermentarium

|Lin et al. 2013

|Isolated from a fermentation tank in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Shih-Yao|last2=Liu|first2=You-Cheng|last3=Hameed|first3=Asif|last4=Hsu|first4=Yi-Han|last5=Lai|first5=Wei-An|last6=Shen|first6=Fo-Ting|last7=Young|first7=Chiu-Chung|date=2013-10-01|title=Azospirillum fermentarium sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from a fermenter|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.050872-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=63|issue=Pt_10|pages=3762–3768|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.050872-0|pmid=23645021|issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum formosense

|Lin et al. 2012

|Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Shih-Yao|last2=Shen|first2=Fo-Ting|last3=Young|first3=Li-Sen|last4=Zhu|first4=Zhi-Long|last5=Chen|first5=Wen-Ming|last6=Young|first6=Chiu-Chung|date=2012-05-01|title=Azospirillum formosense sp. nov., a diazotroph from agricultural soil|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=62|issue=Pt_5|pages=1185–1190|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.030585-0|pmid=21742820|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum griseum

|Yang et al. 2019

|Isolated from water from Baiyang Lake in China{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yunzhen|last2=Zhang|first2=RanRan|last3=Feng|first3=Jie|last4=Wang|first4=Chao|last5=Chen|first5=Jifeng|date=2019-12-01|title=Azospirillum griseum sp. nov., isolated from lakewater|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=69|issue=12|pages=3676–3681|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003460|pmid=31135333|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum halopraeferens

|Reinhold et al. 1987

|Isolated from salt-tolerant Kallar grass in Pakistan;{{Cite journal|last1=Reinhold|first1=B.|last2=Hurek|first2=T.|last3=Fendrik|first3=I.|last4=Pot|first4=B.|last5=Gillis|first5=M.|last6=Kersters|first6=K.|last7=Thielemans|first7=S.|last8=De Ley|first8=J.|date=1987-01-01|title=Azospirillum halopraeferens sp. nov., a Nitrogen-Fixing Organism Associated with Roots of Kallar Grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth)|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=43–51|doi=10.1099/00207713-37-1-43|issn=0020-7713|doi-access=free}} Has been shown

to survive in seawater after experimental inoculation on the roots of mangroves{{Cite journal|last1=Puente|first1=M.Esther|last2=Holguin|first2=Gina|last3=Glick|first3=Bernard R.|last4=Bashan|first4=Yoav|date=July 1999|title=Root-surface colonization of black mangrove seedlings by Azospirillum halopraeferens and Azospirillum brasilense in seawater|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=283–292|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00619.x|bibcode=1999FEMME..29..283P |doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum humicireducens

|Zhou et al. 2013

|Isolated from a microbial fuel cell in China{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Shungui|last2=Han|first2=Luchao|last3=Wang|first3=Yueqiang|last4=Yang|first4=Guiqin|last5=Zhuang|first5=Li|last6=Hu|first6=Pei|date=2013-07-01|title=Azospirillum humicireducens sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a microbial fuel cell|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.046813-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=63|issue=Pt_7|pages=2618–2624|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.046813-0|pmid=23264502|issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum largimobile

|corrig. (Skerman et al. 1983) Ben Dekhil et al. 1997

|Isolated from lake water in Australia; originally called Conglomeromonas largomobilis{{Cite journal|last1=Ben Dekhil|first1=Susan|last2=Cahill|first2=Marian|last3=Stackebrandt|first3=E.|last4=Sly|first4=L.I.|date=January 1997|title=Transfer of Conglomeromonas largomobilis subsp. largomobilis to the Genus Azospirillum as Azospirillum largomobile comb. nov., and Elevation of Conglomeromonas largomobilis subsp. parooensis to the New Type Species of Conglomeromonas, Conglomeromonas parooensis sp. nov.|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0723202097800501|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=72–77|doi=10.1016/S0723-2020(97)80050-1|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum lipoferum

|Tarrand et al. 1979

|First species to be described in the genus; First isolated from garden soil{{Citation|last1=Hartmann|first1=Anton|title=The Genus Azospirillum|date=2006|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-387-30745-1_6|work=The Prokaryotes|pages=115–140|editor-last=Dworkin|editor-first=Martin|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/0-387-30745-1_6|isbn=978-0-387-25495-1|access-date=2020-11-07|last2=Baldani|first2=Jose Ivo|editor2-last=Falkow|editor2-first=Stanley|editor3-last=Rosenberg|editor3-first=Eugene|editor4-last=Schleifer|editor4-first=Karl-Heinz|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum melinis

|Peng et al. 2006

|Isolated from molasses grass in China{{Cite journal|last1=Peng|first1=Guixiang|last2=Wang|first2=Huarong|last3=Zhang|first3=Guoxia|last4=Hou|first4=Wei|last5=Liu|first5=Yang|last6=Wang|first6=En Tao|last7=Tan|first7=Zhiyuan|date=2006-06-01|title=Azospirillum melinis sp. nov., a group of diazotrophs isolated from tropical molasses grass|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.64025-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=56|issue=6|pages=1263–1271|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64025-0|pmid=16738102|issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum oryzae

|Xie and Yokota 2005

|Isolated from rice roots in Japan{{Cite journal|last1=Xie|first1=Cheng-Hui|last2=Yokota|first2=Akira|date=2005-07-01|title=Azospirillum oryzae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of the rice plant Oryza sativa|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=55|issue=4|pages=1435–1438|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63503-0|pmid=16014463|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum palustre

|Tikhonova et al. 2019

|Isolated from sphagnum peat in Russia; Can use methanol as a food source{{Cite journal|last1=Tikhonova|first1=Ekaterina N.|last2=Grouzdev|first2=Denis S.|last3=Kravchenko|first3=Irina K.|date=2019-09-01|title=Azospirillum palustre sp. nov., a methylotrophic nitrogen-fixing species isolated from raised bog|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=69|issue=9|pages=2787–2793|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003560|pmid=31237535|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum picis

|Lin et al. 2009

|Isolated from tar in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=S.-Y.|last2=Young|first2=C. C.|last3=Hupfer|first3=H.|last4=Siering|first4=C.|last5=Arun|first5=A. B.|last6=Chen|first6=W.-M.|last7=Lai|first7=W.-A.|last8=Shen|first8=F.-T.|last9=Rekha|first9=P. D.|last10=Yassin|first10=A. F.|date=2009-04-01|title=Azospirillum picis sp. nov., isolated from discarded tar|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=761–765|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65837-0|pmid=19329602|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum

ramasamyi

|Anandham et al. 2019

|Isolated from bovine fermentation products in Korea{{Cite journal|last1=Anandham|first1=Rangasamy|last2=Heo|first2=Jun|last3=Krishnamoorthy|first3=Ramasamy|last4=SenthilKumar|first4=Murugaiyan|last5=Gopal|first5=Nellaiappan Olgaganathan|last6=Kim|first6=Soo-Jin|last7=Kwon|first7=Soon-Wo|date=2019-05-01|title=Azospirillum ramasamyi sp. nov., a novel diazotrophic bacterium isolated from fermented bovine products|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1369–1375|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003320|pmid=30810523|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum rugosum

|Young et al. 2008

|Isolated from oil contaminated soil in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Young|first1=C. C.|last2=Hupfer|first2=H.|last3=Siering|first3=C.|last4=Ho|first4=M.-J.|last5=Arun|first5=A. B.|last6=Lai|first6=W.-A.|last7=Rekha|first7=P. D.|last8=Shen|first8=F.-T.|last9=Hung|first9=M.-H.|last10=Chen|first10=W.-M.|last11=Yassin|first11=A. F.|date=2008-04-01|title=Azospirillum rugosum sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=58|issue=4|pages=959–963|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65065-0|pmid=18398202|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum soli

|Lin et al. 2015

|Isolated from agricultural soil in Taiwan{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Shih-Yao|last2=Hameed|first2=Asif|last3=Liu|first3=You-Cheng|last4=Hsu|first4=Yi-Han|last5=Lai|first5=Wei-An|last6=Shen|first6=Fo-Ting|last7=Young|first7=Chiu-Chung|date=2015-12-01|title=Azospirillum soli sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from agricultural soil|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=65|issue=Pt_12|pages=4601–4607|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000618|pmid=26382036|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum thermophilum

|Zhao et al. 2020

|Isolated from a hot spring in China{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Zhuo-li|last2=Ming|first2=Hong|last3=Ding|first3=Chen-Long|last4=Ji|first4=Wei-Li|last5=Cheng|first5=Li-Jiao|last6=Niu|first6=Ming-ming|last7=Zhang|first7=Yan-min|last8=Zhang|first8=Ling-Yu|last9=Meng|first9=Xiao-Lin|last10=Nie|first10=Guo-Xing|date=2020-01-01|title=Azospirillum thermophilum sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=550–554|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003788|pmid=31651377|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

Azospirillum

thiophilum

|Lavrinenko et al. 2010

|Isolated from a sulfide spring in Russia{{Cite journal|last1=Lavrinenko|first1=Ksenia|last2=Chernousova|first2=Elena|last3=Gridneva|first3=Elena|last4=Dubinina|first4=Galina|last5=Akimov|first5=Vladimir|last6=Kuever|first6=Jan|last7=Lysenko|first7=Anatoly|last8=Grabovich|first8=Margarita|date=2010-12-01|title=Azospirillum thiophilum sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium isolated from a sulfide spring|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.018853-0|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=60|issue=12|pages=2832–2837|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.018853-0|pmid=20081019|s2cid=2151995 |issn=1466-5026|url-access=subscription}}

Azospirillum zeae

|Mehnaz et al. 2007

|Isolated from corn roots in Canada{{Cite journal|last1=Mehnaz|first1=Samina|last2=Weselowski|first2=Brian|last3=Lazarovits|first3=George|date=2007-12-01|title=Azospirillum zeae sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of Zea mays|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=57|issue=12|pages=2805–2809|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65128-0|pmid=18048728|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}

References

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Further reading

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  • {{cite book | veditors = Okon Y |title=Azospirillum/plant associations|date=1994|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=0-8493-4925-7}}
  • {{cite book | veditors = Klingmüller W |title=Azospirillum III Genetics · Physiology · Ecology Proceedings of the Third Bayreuth Azospirillum Workshop|date=2012|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-70791-9}}
  • {{cite book | veditors = Klingmüller W |title=Azospirillum IV Genetics · Physiology · Ecology Proceedings of the Fourth Bayreuth Azospirillum Workshop|date=2012|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-73072-6}}
  • {{cite book | vauthors = Garrity GM |title=Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology.|date=2005|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=0-387-24145-0|edition=2nd|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon}}
  • {{cite book | veditors = Khush GS, Bennett J |title=Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in rice : potential and prospects|date=1992|publisher=International Rice Research Institute|location=Manila, Philippines|isbn=971-22-0035-3}}

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Category:Rhodospirillales

Category:Bacteria genera