Azotobacter vinelandii

{{Speciesbox

| genus = Azotobacter

| species = vinelandii

| authority = Lipman 1903{{cite book| title=Review of American Chemical Research | volume=10 | year=1904 | editor=William A. Noyes | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LAoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75 75]}}

}}

Azotobacter vinelandii is Gram-negative diazotroph that can fix nitrogen while grown aerobically.{{Cite web|url=https://www.explogrow.com/farming-with-microbes/why-reduce-npk-applications-when-using-17-beneficial-microbes-in-this-bio-organic-fertilizer|title=Why it is possible to reduce Nitrogen fertilizers by using Azotobacter sp|last=Young |first=Mark |access-date=14 June 2018}}{{cite journal|vauthors=Requena N, Baca TM, Azcon R |date=1997 |title=Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated by Azotobacter chroococcum |journal=Biol Fertil Soils |volume=24 |pages= 59–65|doi=10.1007/BF01420221 |s2cid=29624954 }} These bacteria are easily cultured and grown.

A. vinelandii is a free-living N₂ fixer known to produce many phytohormones and vitamins in soils. It produces fluorescent pyoverdine pigments.{{cite journal | vauthors = Menhart N, Thariath A, Viswanatha T | year = 1991 | title = Characterization of the pyoverdines of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 with regard to heterogeneity | journal = Biology of Metals | volume = 4 | issue = 4| pages = 223–32 | doi=10.1007/bf01141185| pmid = 1838001 | s2cid = 8712926 }}

Nitrogenase

The nitrogenase holoenzyme of A. vinelandii has been characterised by X-ray crystallography in both ADP tetrafluoroaluminate-bound{{cite journal | vauthors = Schindelin H, Kisker C, Schlessman JL, Howard JB, Rees DC | year = 1997 | title = Structure of ADP x AIF4(-)-stabilized nitrogenase complex and its implications for signal transduction | journal = Nature | volume = 387 | issue = 6631 | pages = 370–376 | doi=10.1038/387370a0| pmid = 9163420 | s2cid = 1582534 }} and MgATP-bound{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiu H, Peters JW, Lanzilotta WN, Ryle MJ, Seefeldt LC, Howard JB, Rees DC | year = 2001 | title = MgATP-Bound and nucleotide-free structures of a nitrogenase protein complex between the Leu 127 Delta-Fe-protein and the MoFe-protein | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 641–650 | doi=10.1021/bi001645e| pmid = 11170380 }} states. The enzyme possesses molybdenum iron-sulfido cluster cofactors (FeMoco) as active sites, each bearing two pseudocubic iron-sulfido structures.

Applications

It is a genetically tractable system that is used to study nitrogen fixation.

Genetically engineered strains can produce significantly higher amounts of ammonia. Appropriate ammonia emissions can provide crops with the ammonia they need without excess amounts that can pollute lakes and oceans.{{Cite web|last=Coxworth|first=Ben|date=2022-02-18|title=Engineered ammonia-producing bacteria could replace crop fertilizers|url=https://newatlas.com/science/engineered-ammonia-producing-bacteria-crop-fertilizers/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}

A. vinelandii also produces significant amounts of alginate.{{Cite journal |last=Clementi |first=Franceses |date=1997 |title=Alginate Production by Azotobacter Vinelandii |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07388559709146618 |journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology |volume=17 |issue=4}}

Variable ploidy

A. vinelandii can contain up to 80 chromosome copies per cell.{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagpal P, Jafri S, Reddy MA, Das HK |title=Multiple chromosomes of Azotobacter vinelandii |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=3133–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2785985 |pmc=210026 |doi= 10.1128/jb.171.6.3133-3138.1989}} However this is only seen in fast growing culture, whereas cultures grown in synthetic minimal media are not polyploid.{{cite journal |vauthors=Maldonado R, Jiménez J, Casadesús J |title=Changes of ploidy during the Azotobacter vinelandii growth cycle |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=176 |issue=13 |pages=3911–9 |year=1994 |pmid=8021173 |doi= 10.1128/jb.176.13.3911-3919.1994|pmc=205588|url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/15142/1/JB94.pdf }}

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520111943/http://azotobacter.org/ Azotobacter vinelandii Genome Project]
[http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/Avi.html Current research on Azotobacter vinelandii at the Norwich Research Park]
[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=12749&submit=Search Type strain of Azotobacter vinelandii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

Category:Pseudomonadales

Category:Bacteria described in 1903