BETASOM

Axis naval co-operation started after the signing of the Pact of Steel in June 1939 with meetings in Friedrichshafen, Germany, and an agreement to exchange technical information. After the Italian entry into the war and the Fall of France, the Italian Royal Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux, which was within the German occupation zone. The Italians were allocated a sector of the Atlantic south of Lisbon to patrol. The base was opened in August 1940 and in 1941 the captured French passenger ship {{SS|De Grasse||2}} was used as a depot ship before being returned to the Vichy Government in June 1942.

Admiral Angelo Parona commanded the submarines at BETASOM under the operational control of Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Karl Dönitz. Dönitz was the "Commander of the Submarines" (Befehlshaber der U-Boote) for the German Kriegsmarine. About 1,600 men were based at BETASOM.{{cite web|last=D'Adamo |first=Cristiano |title=BETASOM |publisher=REGIAMARINA |date=1996–2008 |url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text.asp?nid=90&lid=1 |access-date=13 March 2012}} A postal system was operated, using a distinctive stamp cancellation and overprinted Italian stamps. These are generally rare and have been counterfeited.[http://www.giorgiobifani.net/rsi14eee_eng.htm The Atlantic Base]

The base could house up to thirty submarines, it had dry docks and two basins connected by locks. Shore barracks accommodated a security guard of 250 men of the San Marco Regiment. A second base was established at La Pallice in La Rochelle, France. This second base allowed submerged training which was not possible at Bordeaux.

From June 1940, three Italian submarines patrolled off the Canary Islands and Madeira, followed by three more off the Azores. When these patrols were completed, the six boats returned to their new base at Bordeaux. Their initial patrol area was the Northwestern Approaches. Dönitz was pragmatic about the Italians, seeing them as inexperienced, but useful for reconnaissance and likely to gain expertise.{{sfn|Ireland|2003|pp=51–52}}{{sfn|Moeller|2014|pp=10–21}}

In November 1940 there were 26 Italian boats at Bordeaux.{{sfn|Vat|2001|p=216}} Initially, their activity did not meet much success; unacquainted with Atlantic weather conditions, Italian submarines sighted convoys but lost contact and failed to make effective reports. As co-operation between the two navies was not working well, Dönitz decided to reassign the Italian boats to the southern area where they could act independently.{{sfn|Moeller|2014|pp=10–21}} In this way, about thirty Italian boats achieved more success, though without much impact on the most critical areas of the campaign.{{sfn|Ireland|2003|pp=51–52}}Thirty two submarines operated in the Atlantic for the Italian Navy and sank 109 Allied ships for a total of 593,864 tons.

File:Barbarigo 1.jpg]]

Dönitz considered the Italians as displaying "great dash and daring in battle, often exceeding that of Germans", but less toughness, endurance and tenacity.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYSERH9wrgC&q=onice&pg=PA149|title=Submarine Operational Effectiveness in the 20th Century: Part Two (1939–1945)|last=USN (RET.)|first=Captain John F. O'Connell |date=2011-08-18 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-46-204261-6 |language=en}} By 30 November 1940, Italian submarines in the Atlantic each sank an average of 200 gross tons per day, while German U-boats each averaged 1,115 gross tons per day during the same period. Italian submarines, had only been in the Atlantic for a few months and had not had yet the time to adapt to the new operational conditions, whereas the U-boats had been operating there for more than a year.{{sfn|Moeller|2014|pp=10–21}}

To improve the performance of the Italian submarines, several measures were taken, following the Kriegsmarine, older Italian submarine commanders (some were 40 years old) were replaced with younger officers, who possessed more aggression and stamina; a "submarine school" was created in Gotenhafen, where commanders, officers and bridge crews of the BETASOM submarines were trained according to the German model (the submarine Reginaldo Giuliani was assigned to this task, in cooperation with German naval units).{{sfn|Giorgerini|2002|pp=471–481}} Italian submarines also underwent improvement work, such as the reshaping of their excessively large conning towers.

File:North Atlantic Ocean laea relief location map.jpg

These measures significantly improved the performance of the remaining Italian submarines (in 1941, about half were recalled to the Mediterranean following the submarine losses there); the average tonnage sunk by BETASOM submarines rose from 3,844 gross register tons (GRT) in 1940 to 27,335 GRT in 1942 (and, respectively, from 7,779 GRT to 68,337 GRT per submarine).{{sfn|Moeller|2014|pp=10–21}}{{sfn|Vat|2001|p=216}} The tonnage sunk for every lost submarine was 32,672 GRT in 1940 (opposed to 188,423 GRT for German submarines), 20,432 GRT in 1941 (70,871 GRT for Germans submarines), 136,674 GRT in 1942 (68,801 GRT for German submarines) and 13,498 GRT in 1943 (11,391 GRT for German submarines).{{sfn|Giorgerini|2002|p=692}}}

Between February and March 1942, five BETASOM submarines (along with six German U-boats) took part in Operation Neuland, sinking 15 of the 45 Allied merchant ships destroyed during this operation. The top scoring BETASOM aces, Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia (90,601 GRT sunk) and Carlo Fecia di Cossato (96,553 GRT sunk), were among the few Italian recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Gazzana-Priaroggia's boat, {{ship|Italian submarine|Leonardo da Vinci|1939|2}}, was the top-scoring non-German submarine of World War II, with 17 ships sunk totalling 120,243 GRT.{{sfn|Blair|1997|p=740}}{{efn|The US Navy's most successful submarine, {{USS|Tang|SS-306|6}}, sank 116,454 GRT, while {{HMS|Upholder|P37|6}}, the Royal Navy's most successful submarine, sank 93,031 GRT of shipping.}} Another notable Betasom commander was Salvatore Todaro, known for his habit of towing to safety the lifeboats containing the survivors of ships he had sunk.

The Italian naval historian Giorgio Giorgerini writes that Italian submarines did not perform as well as the U-boats but achieved good results considering the deficiencies of their boats (among which were the lack of modern torpedo fire-control systems, and their slower speed surfaced and submerged). Comparing the tonnages sunk by U-boats to the Italian submarines and their losses (16 Italian submarines lost against 247 U-boats), the "exchange rates" (gross tonnage sunk divided by the number of submarines lost) were respectively 40,591 t for the German units and 34,512 t for the Italian ones. The strategic significance of Italy's participation in the Battle of the Atlantic was small, as the number of Italian submarines that operated in the Atlantic was 30 at its peak, whereas the Kriegsmarine committed over 1,000 submarines to the Battle of the Atlantic between 1939 and 1945.{{sfn|Giorgerini|2002|pp=423–425}} Italian submarines operating in the Atlantic sank 109 Allied merchant ships totalling 601,425 tons, and lost 16 boats.{{sfn|Piekałkiewicz|1987|p=106}}

File:U-boat pens, Bordeaux, France-1Aug2009.jpg

Dönitz decided in mid-1941 to build reinforced concrete protective U-boat pens in Bordeaux. Construction began in September 1941, {{cvt|245|m}} wide, {{cvt|162|m}} deep, and {{cvt|19|m}} high, with a roof above the pens {{cvt|5.6|m|ftin}} thick and {{cvt|3.6|m|ftin}} thick above the rear servicing area. On 15 October 1942, the 12th U-boat Flotilla ({{lang|de|Korvettenkapitän}} Klaus Scholtz) was formed at Bordeaux by the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}. The first U-boat to use the bunker was {{GS|U-178||2}} on 17 January 1943.

The base was bombed by the British on several occasions, especially in 1940 and 1941 but no significant damage was suffered, except for the sinking of the barracks ship Usaramo.{{cite web |last=D'Adamo |first=Cristiano |title=The Bombardments of Bordeaux and the Italian submarine base "BETASOM" |publisher=Regiamarina |date=1996–2007 |url=http://www.regiamarina.net/subs/betasom/Bombardments/bombardments_us.htm

|access-date=7 Jan 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207174216/http://regiamarina.net/subs/betasom/Bombardment/bombardments_us.htm |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead}} The base was affected by Operation Josephine B in June 1941, a sabotage raid that destroyed the electricity substation that served the base.{{sfn|Foot|1966|pp=144–145}} The remaining BETASOM boats ended their last offensive patrol in 1943, after which Bagnolini, Barbarigo, Comandante Cappellini, Finzi, Giuliani, Tazzoli and Torelli were adapted to carry supplies from the Far East as part of an agreement between Italy and Germany, in exchange for the transfer of an equal number of Type VIIC U-boats, which would be manned by Italian crews and continue Italian participation in submarine operations in the Atlantic.{{cite web |last=Rosselli |first=Alberto |title=Italian Submarines and Surface Vessels in the Far East: 1940–1945 |work=Comando Supremo |url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/Fareast.html |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203154903/http://comandosupremo.com/Fareast.html |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}}

Of the transport submarines, two were sunk by the Allies, three were captured in the Far East by the Japanese after the Armistice of Cassibile, the Italian surrender of September 1943 and ceded to the Germans and two were captured in Bordeaux by the Germans. The U-Boats ceded to Italy were still training in Danzig with their new Italian crews when the armistice was announced and were immediately retaken by the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}. {{lang|it|Ammiraglio Cagni}}, the newest Betasom submarine and the only one still on patrol at the time of the armistice, broke off her patrol and reached Durban in South Africa in compliance with the armistice orders.{{cite web |last=Rosselli |first=Alberto |title=Italian Submarines and Surface Vessels in the Far East: 1940–1945 |work=Comando Supremo |url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/Fareast.html |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203154903/http://comandosupremo.com/Fareast.html |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=live}} After the Armistice the base was seized by the Germans. Some of the Italian personnel joined the Germans independently of the Italian Social Republic. During this period the Italian postage stamps on hand were overprinted to show loyalty to Mussolini's rump state.[http://www.giorgiobifani.net/rsi14eee_eng.htm Stamps of the Italian Socialist Republic - The Atlantic Base] The last two U-boats left Bordeaux in August 1944 and the Allies occupied the base on 25 August. The German naval personnel attempted to march back to Germany but were captured by US forces on 11 September 1944.

In 1940, all twenty-eight Italian submarines which were to be based at BETASOM initially had to sail from bases on the Mediterranean Sea through the Straits of Gibraltar to reach the Atlantic Ocean; all succeeded.{{sfn|Giorgerini|2002|pp=439–470, 690–691}}

In 1941, the four surviving Italian submarines based in Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to BETASOM after the fall of colony during the East African Campaign.{{sfn|Giorgerini|2002|pp=439–470, 690–691}}

In 1941, it was decided to return some of the boats to the Mediterranean. Perla, Guglielmotti, Brin, Argo, Velella, Dandolo, Emo, Otaria, Mocenigo, and Veniero made the passage. Glauco also made the return voyage but was sunk by the Royal Navy off Cape Spartel. The submarine cruiser {{ship|Italian submarine|Ammiraglio Cagni||2}} was dispatched from the Mediterranean to patrol off South Africa in October 1942. On completion she returned to Bordeaux, transferring to BETASOM in February 1943. She was converted there for transport to the Far East but was overtaken by the Italian Armistice in September 1943 and was interned at Durban.

The submarine pens have proved to be infeasible to demolish due to their massive reinforced construction which had been designed to withstand aerial bombardment. {{as of|2010}}, after conversion several years previously, approximately {{cvt|12000|m2}} of the {{cvt|42000|m2}} building are open to the public as a cultural centre for the performing arts, exhibitions, and evening events.{{cite web |title=Bordeaux: Base sous-marine |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/o271 |access-date=5 January 2019}}

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{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 |year=1997 |orig-year=1996 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=0-297-84076-2}}
• {{cite book |last=Foot |year=1966 |first=M. R. D. |title=SOE in France |author-link=M. R. D. Foot |publisher=HMSO |series=History of the Second World War |oclc=468556083}}
• {{cite book |last=Giorgerini |first=Giorgio |title=Uomini sul fondo: storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi |trans-title=Men on the Bottom: The Story of Italian Submersibles from the Beginning to Today |language=it |date=2002 |publisher=Mondadori |location=Milano |isbn=978-8-80-450537-2}}
• {{cite book |last=Ireland |first=Bernard |title=Battle of the Atlantic |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2003 |location=Barnsley |isbn=1-84415-001-1}}
• {{cite thesis |last=Moeller |first=Kevin M. |title=The Italian Submarine Force in the Battle of the Atlantic: Left in the Dark |year=2014 |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |degree=MASc |id=ADA613508 |oclc=913595943}}
• {{cite book |last=Piekałkiewicz |first=Janusz |author-link=Janusz Piekałkiewicz |title=Sea War: 1939–1945 |year=1987 |publisher=Blandford Press |location=London |isbn=0-7137-1665-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Vat |first=DanVan der |title=The Atlantic Campaign |year=2001 |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-1-84-158124-8}}

{{refend}}

• {{YouTube|id=QF8m61_ernk|title=Italian newsreel: Italian submarines on the Atlantic}}
• [http://www.bordeaux.fr/o271 Official site by the city of Bordeaux] {{in lang|fr}}
• [http://uboat.net/flotillas/bases/bordeaux.htm History of the Bordeaux submarine base plus construction details]
• {{cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/|title=U-boat history of boats, operations etc.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205113119/http://www.ubootwaffe.net|archive-date=5 February 2005}}
• [http://regiamarina.net/ Regia Marina]
• [http://www.exordio.com/1939-1945/militaris/fuerzas-armadas-ITA/betasom.html Base de submarinos, BETASOM] {{in lang|es}}

{{World War II}}

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Category:Italian Navy submarine bases

Category:Regia Marina

Category:Military history of Italy during World War II

Category:Battle of the Atlantic

Category:France–Italy relations

Category:Buildings and structures in Bordeaux

Category:Tourist attractions in Bordeaux