Babar the Elephant

After Babar's mother is shot and killed by a hunter, he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics. He is befriended by the Old Lady, who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor. Babar's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to the Elephant realm. Following the death of the King of the Elephants, who had eaten a poisonous mushroom (the illustrations indicate that it is a fly agaric), a council of old elephants approach Babar, saying that as he has "lived among men and learnt much", he would be suitable to become the new King. Babar is crowned King of the Elephants and marries his cousin, Celeste.{{cite book|last1=de Brunhoff|first1=Laurent|translator=Merle S. Haas|title=The story of Babar the little elephant|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofbabarl00brun|url-access=registration|date=1961|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn= 0394805755| edition=Renewed}}

In Jean de Brunhoff's second Babar book, The Travels of Babar, when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon:

... stormy winds down the balloon on an island, and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale, be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus. And when they escape and return home, what awaits them but war with the rhinoceroses.{{cite news | last= Van Gelder | first= Lawrence | title= Elephants Aloft | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/23/movies/this-week.html | work= The New York Times | date= 23 December 2002 | access-date= 18 February 2017 | archive-date= 19 March 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023718/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/23/movies/this-week.html | url-status= live }}

It was sparked when Arthur tied a firecracker to the tail of Lord Rataxes. Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides, which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away. After the victory celebrations, the book ends with Babar, Celeste and the Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy.{{cite book|last1=de Brunhoff|first1=Jean|translator= Merle S. Haas |title=The travels of Babar |date= 1985|publisher=Random House |location=New York| isbn= 0394805763 |edition=1st jacketed hardcover |page= 48}}

In the third book, Babar the King, Babar founds the city of Celesteville. After many dromedaries are found, they help with building the city. Each elephant citizen is given a job to do. Once the city is built, everyone celebrates. However, problems arise; the Old Lady is bitten by a snake, and Cornelius' home catches fire. Babar has a dream where he is visited by Misfortune and other demons which are chased away by elephant angels representing Courage, Hope, and other virtues. The morning after the hopeful dream, the Old Lady and Cornelius make full recoveries.{{cite book|last1=de Brunhoff|first1=Jean|translator=Merle S. Haas|title=Babar the King|date=1963|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=0394805801|url=https://archive.org/details/babarking00brun_0}}

Among Babar's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are the monkey Zephir, the old elephant counsellor Cornelius (also later Pompadour who was created for the Babar television series), Babar's cousin Arthur, and Babar's children, Pom, Flora, and Alexander. A younger daughter, Isabelle, is later introduced. The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honored guest.

Besides his Westernizing policies, Babar engages in battle with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation, led by Lord Rataxes. Much later, in Babar and the Adventures of Badou, Pom grows to become the father of Prince Babar II (known as Badou).

In 1931, Jean de Brunhoff introduced Babar in Histoire de Babar, and Babar enjoyed immediate success.{{cite news | title= Why Babar the Elephant just can't forget his colonial past | newspaper= The Times | date=8 August 2006 | url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article602843.ece | access-date=25 August 2010 | location= London | first=Charles | last=Bremner}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{cite news | title= Babar the Elephant Still Reigns at Age 61 | newspaper= The Los Angeles Times | date= 19 May 1991 | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-19-mn-2984-story.html | access-date= 25 August 2010 | first= Marilyn | last= August | archive-date= 26 October 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121026122503/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-19/news/mn-2984_1_babar-products | url-status= live }} In 1933, A.A. Milne introduced an English-language version, The Story of Babar, in Britain and the United States.Thwaite, Ann. A.A. Milne. His Life (Faber & Faber, 1990), p. 411.

Before his death in 1937, Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories. His son Laurent de Brunhoff, also a writer and illustrator, carried on the series from 1946, beginning with Babar et Le Coquin d'Arthur.{{cite news | title= All About Mr. Elephant, in His Becoming Green Suit | newspaper= The New York Times | date= 22 September 2008 | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/arts/design/22baba.html?fta=y | access-date= 26 August 2010 | first= Edward | last= Rothstein | archive-date= 12 March 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140312084818/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/arts/design/22baba.html?fta=y | url-status= live }}

An animated television series, Babar was produced in Canada by Nelvana Limited and the Clifford Ross Company, running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991, with 65 episodes. An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000. The character has also appeared in a number of films. The first two of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books have inspired two major concert works: L'Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant (The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant) by Francis Poulenc in 1940; and The Travels of Babar (Le Voyage de Babar) by Raphael Mostel in 1994.{{cite news | last= Kyle | first= Gann | work= The New York Times | date= 11 June 2000 | title= Making Bowls Sing And Elephants Talk | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/arts/music-making-bowls-sing-and-elephants-talk.html | access-date= 18 February 2017 | archive-date= 16 December 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221216224619/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/11/arts/music-making-bowls-sing-and-elephants-talk.html | url-status= live }}{{cite news | first= Allan | last= Kozinn | date= 20 June 2000 | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/20/arts/music-review-little-ears-and-big-elephants.html | title= Little Ears And Big Elephants | work= The New York Times | access-date= 23 January 2015 | archive-date= 24 January 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150124011327/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/20/arts/music-review-little-ears-and-big-elephants.html | url-status= live }} In 2010, a sequel and spin-off, Babar and the Adventures of Badou, was released, introducing new characters, including Badou, Babar's grandson and Pom's son. It takes place several years after the original series.

Babar, who likes to wear a bright green suit, introduces a very French form of Western civilization to the elephants, and they soon dress in Western attire. The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books was Editions du Jardin des Modes, owned by Condé-Nast. The Babar books were the first Condé-Nast publications not specifically about fashion.{{cite book | title= The Art of Babar | url= https://archive.org/details/artofbabarworkof00webe | url-access= registration |first= Nicholas | last= Fox Weber | publisher= Harry N. Abrams | year= 1989 | page= [https://archive.org/details/artofbabarworkof00webe/page/54 54] | isbn= 0810926245}}

Author Maurice Sendak described the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff:

Like an extravagant piece of poetry, the interplay between few words and many pictures, commonly called the picture book, is a difficult, exquisite, and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered....Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form. Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book.{{cite news |last= Sendak |first= Maurice |title= Homage to Babar on his 50th Birthday |work= introduction to Jean de Brunhoff & Laurent de Brunhoff's Babar's Anniversary Album |publisher= Random House |year= 1981 |page= [https://archive.org/details/babarsanniversar00brun/page/7 7] |isbn= 0394848136 |url= https://archive.org/details/babarsanniversar00brun/page/7}}

The series has over 100 licensees worldwide, and the "Babar" brand has a multi-generational following. There are 12 Babar stores in Japan. A global cultural phenomenon, whose fans span generations, Babar stands along with Disney's Mickey Mouse as one of the most recognized children's characters in the world. There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages, and over 8 million books have been sold. Laurent de Brunhoff's Babar's Yoga for Elephants is a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date. The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First Lady Laura Bush's national reading initiative list. All 78 episodes of the TV series are broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries, making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history. Babar has been a perennial favourite for years at the White House Easter Egg Roll.{{cite web | url=http://babar.treehousetv.com/ | title=Babar and the Adventures of Badou | publisher=Treehouse TV | access-date=23 February 2013 | archive-date=22 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122070235/http://babar.treehousetv.com/ | url-status=live }}

Since 2001, the Babar franchise has been owned by Corus Entertainment's Nelvana in conjunction with the artist, Clifford Ross.{{cite news|title=Nelvana and The Clifford Ross Company Enter into Five-Year Administration Deal|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Corus+Entertainment%27s+Nelvana+and+The+Clifford+Ross+Company+Announce...-a079751903|date=5 November 2001|work=Business Wire|publisher=The Free Library|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004016/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Corus+Entertainment%27s+Nelvana+and+The+Clifford+Ross+Company+Announce...-a079751903|url-status=live}}

Babar made a nameless appearance in The New Traveller's Almanac (part of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series). Babar and his elephants escort Mina Murray and Allan Quatermain through the African jungle. Mina considers them "civilized and gentle", but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown.Alan Moore, chapter four (pages not numbered), Volume II, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, {{ISBN|1-4012-0118-0}}

In the 1988 comedy film Coming to America, the Joffer royal family have a pet elephant named "Babar". In 1993,Georges Vasseur, {{cite news|title=25th Anniversary of the BaBar Collaboration Meeting, December 11th (2018)|url=https://irfu.cea.fr/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/News/index.php?id_news=3905|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204185824/https://irfu.cea.fr/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/News/index.php?id_news=3905|url-status=live}}, Irfu, CEA Paris-Saclay (2018). de Brunhoff's elephant inspired the BaBar experiment, an international hadron physics collaboration based in the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.

Herbert R. Kohl and Vivian Paley,Kohl, Herbert R. Should We Burn Babar?: Essays on Children's Literature and the Power of Stories; Introduction by Jack Zipes, New Press (2007) {{ISBN|1-59558-130-8}} have argued that, although superficially delightful, the stories can be seen as a justification for colonialism. Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed by World War I and the books were an exercise in nostalgia for pre-1914 France.{{cn|date=August 2023}} Ariel Dorfman's The Empire's Old ClothesDorfman, Ariel. The Empire's Old Clothes: What the Lone Ranger, Babar, and Other Innocent Heroes Do to Our Minds, Penguin (1996), {{ISBN|978-0-8223-4671-5}} is another critical view, in which he concludes: "In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants, Jean de Brunhoff anticipates, more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice, the theory of neocolonialism".

In April 2012, Babar's Travels was removed from the shelves by library staff in East Sussex in response to parental complaints for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans.{{cite news|author=Copping, Jasper|date=22 April 2012|title=From Horrible Histories to Babar the Elephant – the 'offensive' children's books withdrawn by libraries|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9217615/From-Horrible-Histories-to-Babar-the-Elephant-the-offensive-childrens-books-withdrawn-by-libraries.html|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226002312/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9217615/From-Horrible-Histories-to-Babar-the-Elephant-the-offensive-childrens-books-withdrawn-by-libraries.html|url-status=live}} Jean de Brunhoff's son Laurent de Brunhoff was embarrassed by stereotypical Africans and Native Americans in Babar's Picnic and asked the publisher to withdraw it.{{cite news|author=Italie, Hillel|date=24 March 2024|title=Laurent de Brunhoff, 'Babar' heir and author, dies at age 98|work=Portland Press Herald|via=Associated Press|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/03/24/laurent-de-brunhoff-babar-heir-and-author-dies-at-age-98-2/|access-date=24 March 2024}}

A more sympathetic view is expressed in the 2008 New Yorker article "Freeing the Elephants", in which Adam Gopnik argues it "is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination; it is a self-conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination. The gist ... is explicit and intelligent: the lure of the city, of civilization, of style and order and bourgeois living is real, for elephants as for humans".Gopnik, Adam. [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_gopnik Freeing the Elephants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827104237/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_gopnik |date=27 August 2010 }}, The New Yorker, 22 September 2008. Written for Drawing Babar: Early Drafts and Watercolors, Morgan Library and Museum, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-87598-151-2}} He concludes that the satisfaction derived from Babar is based on the knowledge that "while it is a very good thing to be an elephant, still, the life of an elephant is dangerous, wild, and painful. It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park".

Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated seven Babar books; the series was continued by his son, Laurent de Brunhoff.{{Cite web |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/12/the-80th-anniversary-of-babar/ |title=Paul, Pamela. "The 80th Anniversary of Babar", The New York Times, 12 August 2011 |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009115827/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/12/the-80th-anniversary-of-babar/ |url-status=live }}

Jean de Brunhoff's Babar books (1931–1941), and the titles of the English translations, were:

{{Div col}}

• Histoire de Babar (1931) – The Story of Babar
• Le Voyage de Babar (1932) – The Travels of Babar, or Babar's Travels
• Le Roi Babar (1933) – Babar the King
• L'ABC de Babar (1934) – A.B.C. of Babar
• Les vacances de Zéphir (1936) – Zephir's Holidays, Zephir's Vacation, or Babar and Zephir
• Babar en famille (1938) – Babar and His Children, or Babar at Home
• Babar et le père Noël (1941) – Babar and Father Christmas

{{Div col end}}

Laurent de Brunhoff's books (1948–2017) (selected list):

{{Div col}}

• Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur (1948) – Babar's Cousin: That Rascal Arthur
• Pique-nique chez Babar (1949) – Babar's Picnic
• Babar dans l'Île aux oiseaux (1952) – Babar's Visit to Bird Island
• Babar au cirque (1952) – Babar at the Circus
• La fête à Celesteville (1954) – Babar's Fair
• Babar et le professeur Grifaton (1956) – Babar and the Professor
• Le château de Babar (1961) – Babar's Castle
• Je parle anglais avec Babar (1963) – Babar's English Lessons (published as French Lessons in English)
• Babar Comes to America (1965)
• Je parle allemand avec Babar (1966) – Babar's German Lessons
• Je parle espagnol avec Babar (1966) – Babar's Spanish Lessons
• Babar Loses His Crown (1967)
• Babar Visits another Planet (1972)
• Babar and the Wully-Wully (1975)
• Babar Learns to Cook (1978)
• Babar the Magician (1980)
• Babar's Little Library (1980)
• Babar and the Ghost (1981)
• Babar's Anniversary Album (1982)
• Babar's ABC (1983)
• Babar's Book of Color (1984)
• Babar's Counting Book (1986)
• Babar's Little Girl (1987)
• Babar's Little Circus Star (1988)
• Babar's Busy Year (1989)
• Babar's Rescue (1993)
• Le Musée de Babar (2002) – Babar's Museum
• Babar Goes to School (2003)
• Babar's Museum of Art (2003)
• Babar's Book of Color (2004)
• Babar's Busy Year (2005)
• Babar's World Tour (2005)
• Babar's Yoga for Elephants (2006)
• Babar's USA (2008)
• Babar's Celesteville Games (2011)
• Babar on Paradise Island (2014)
• Babar's guide to Paris (2017)

{{Div col end}}

English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the US, individually and in collections.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Other English-language titles about Babar include the following:{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/art/babar/brunhoff.html |title=Works of Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff |publisher=Angelfire.com |date=22 December 1987 |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112021155/http://www.angelfire.com/art/babar/brunhoff.html |url-status=live }}

{{Div col}}

• Babar Comes to America, New York: Random House, 1965
• Babar Learns to Cook, New York: Random House, 1967
• Babar Loses His Crown, New York: Random House, 1967
• Babar's Games, New York: Random House, 1968
• Babar's Fair, New York: Random House, 1969
• Babar Goes Skiing, New York: Random House, 1969
• Babar's Moon Trip, New York: Random House, 1969
• Babar's Trunk, New York: Random House, 1969
• Babar's Birthday Surprise, New York: Random House, 1970
• Babar's Other Trunk, New York: Random House, 1971
• Babar Visits Another Planet, New York: Random House, 1972
• Meet Babar and His Family, New York: Random House, 1973
• Babar's Bookmobile, New York: Random House, 1974
• Babar and the Wully-Wully, New York: Random House, 1975
• Babar Saves the Day, New York: Random House, 1976
• Babar's Mystery, New York: Random House, 1978
• Babar's Little Library, New York: Random House, 1980
• Babar the Magician, New York: Random House, 1980
• Babar's Anniversary Album, New York: Random House, 1981
• Babar's A.B.C, New York: Random House, 1983
• Babar's Book of Color, New York: Random House, 2009
• Babar and the Ghost, Easy to Read Edition. New York: Random House, 1986
• Babar's Counting Book, New York: Random House, 1986
• Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle, Woman's Day, 22 December 1987
• Babar's Little Circus Star, New York: Random House, 1988
• Babar's Busy Year, New York: Random House, 1989
• Isabelle's New Friend, New York: Random House, 1990
• Babar and the Succotash Bird, New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 2000

{{Div col end}}

• Les Aventures de Babar (French language TV series) (1968){{cite web |title=Les Aventures de Babar |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4817128/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1 |website=www.imdb.com |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412042729/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4817128/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1 |url-status=live }}

Bill Melendez Productions:

• The Story of Babar the Little Elephant (1968){{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987 |date=1989 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-2198-2 |access-date=27 March 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool/page/396/mode/2up |pages=397–398}}
• Babar the Elephant Comes to America (1971){{cite web |title=Babar Comes to America |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1210317/ |website=www.imdb.com |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114041/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1210317/ |url-status=live }}

Atkinson Film-Arts:

• Babar and Father Christmas (1986){{cite web |title=Babar and Father Christmas |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0291029/ |website=www.imdb.com |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218045008/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0291029/ |url-status=live }}

Nelvana Productions:

• Babar (1989–91; 2000){{cite news|title= Babar the Elephant Making Jump to TV|newspaper= The Los Angeles Times|date= 25 March 1989|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-03-25-ca-363-story.html|access-date= 26 August 2010|archive-date= 11 February 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100211050159/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-03-25/entertainment/ca-363_1_elephant-making-jump|url-status= live}}
• Babar: The Movie (1989)[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=babarthemovie.htm Babar: The Movie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030024400/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=babarthemovie.htm |date=30 October 2017 }} at Box Office Mojo
• Babar: King of the Elephants (1999)[http://imdb.com/title/tt0166090/ Babar: King of the Elephants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905014925/http://imdb.com/title/tt0166090/ |date=5 September 2004 }} at the Internet Movie Database
• Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010–2015){{cite press release |url= http://www.corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=1582 |title= The New Adventures of Babar Now in Production |publisher= Corusent.com |date= 9 March 2009 |access-date= 24 March 2012 |archive-date= 22 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222020059/http://www.corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=1582 |url-status= live }}

The American game company Mindscape released Babar and the Royal Coin Caper for the PC in 2005, Both Babar and Cornelius are voiced by Daniel Davies and Dave Pender. The Danish game company The Game Factory published Babar to the Rescue for the Game Boy Advance in 2006.

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.randomhouse.com/book/search/search.php?title_subtitle_auth=babar&x=0&y=0 Official website of Random House, North American publisher of the Babar books of Jean de Brunhoff]
• [http://www.themorgan.org/collections/swf/exhibOnline.asp?id=900 Digital maquette of Jean de Brunhoff's Histoire de Babar le petit Éléphant]
• [https://www.mostel.com/a-magical-hour-for-all-adults-and-young-alike/ Official website of Raphael Mostel, composer and publisher & production proprietor of "The Travels of Babar" based on Jean de Brunhoff's classic book and art Le Voyage de Babar]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131133/http://blog.abramsbooks.com/2011/08/09/celebrating-80-years-of-babar/ Official website of Harry N. Abrams, North American publisher of the Babar books of Laurent de Brunhoff]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050517010135/http://www.babar.com/ Official Babar site] of Treehouse TV
• [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17640 New York Review of Books article]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZnlH6bhi5o Laurent de Brunhoff - Video Interview]
• [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1981/11/08/babars-golden-jubilee/46c9a2ba-d434-4818-9c97-0b7e08f80fc7/ Maurice Sendak essay celebrating golden jubilee of Babar the Elephant]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226214121/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141224-babar-elephant-culture-animal-conservation-ngbooktalk Laurent de Brunhoff Reveals Shocking Beginning of Beloved Babar Series]

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