Badaga language

Badaga, like modern Kannada, likely originates from Old Kannada. This is suggested by the fact that Badaga shares many common features with modern Kannada. One such feature shared by both Badaga and Kannada is initial {{IPA|/h/}} where other Dravidian languages, and Old Kannada, have an initial {{IPA|/p/}}, a process which began around the 13th century.{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/409407 | jstor=409407 | title=The Vowels of the Badaga Language | last1=Emeneau | first1=M. B. | journal=Language | date=28 February 2024 | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=43–47 | doi=10.2307/409407 | url-access=subscription }}

Badaga has five vowel qualities, {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}, where each of them may be long or short, and until the 1930s they were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes.{{efn|Emenau (1931) reports no tokens of {{IPA|/i˞˞/}}, but suggests this is an accidental gap.}} Current speakers only distinguish retroflection of a few vowels.{{cite web |title=Badaga |publisher=UCLA Phonetics Lab |url=http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/badaga/badaga.html |access-date=9 May 2013}}

Note on transcription: rhoticity {{angbr IPA|◌˞}} indicates half-retroflexion; doubled {{angbr IPA|◌˞˞}} it indicates full retroflexion.

Several attempts have been made at constructing an orthography based on English, Kannada and Tamil. The earliest printed book using Kannada script was a Christian work, "Anga Kartagibba Yesu Kristana Olleya Suddiya Pustaka" by Basel Mission Press of Mangaluru in 1890.{{Cite book|url=http://gospelgo.com/q/Badaga%20Bible%20-%20Gospel%20of%20Luke.pdf|title=The Gospel of Luke in Badaga|publisher=Basel Mission Press|location=Basel|year=1890}}

File:Badaga script- Vowels and Consonants (jeeva Swara and Dheha Swara).jpg

File:Badaga script- Jeevadhehagalu.jpg-Kannada script to create Badaga script]]

Badaga can also be written in the Kannada script and Tamil script.

Badaga has been studied and documented by linguists. Several Badaga-English Dictionaries have been produced since the latter part of the nineteenth century.{{Cite book |last1=Paul Hockings |first1=Christiane Pilot-Raichoor |title=A Badaga-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a74HA_RX3rIC|edition=Reprint |year=1992 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn= 978-3-11-012677-8}}

A collection of proverbs and other traditional sayings of the Badaga has been collated and edited by Paul Hockings.Hockings, Paul. "Counsel from the Ancients." A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens and curses. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter (1988). It is the result of the work of many people, collecting material over many decades.

{{Reflist}}

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• Hockings, Paul. Counsel from the ancients: A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens, and curses. Mouton de Gruyter, 1988. [https://archive.org/details/counselfromancie0000paul/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org]
• Hockings, Paul, and Christiane Pilot-Raichoor. A Badaga and English dictionary — glossary and gazetteer. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2023. [ISBN 978-93-91928-17-9]

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• [http://www.badaga.com/ Online community of Badagas worldwide]
• [http://badaga.chilume.com/ Badaga literature]
• [https://www.badugaa.com/ A website on the Badaga]
• [http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/corpus/list_rsc_en.php?lg=Badaga&name=Badaga Audio recordings in Badaga, with annotations in trilingual format (Badaga, English, French)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109062519/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/corpus/list_rsc_en.php?lg=Badaga&name=Badaga |date=9 November 2019 }} – transcribed and translated by C. Pilot-Raichoor – site of the Pangloss Collection, CNRS-LACITO

{{Dravidian languages}}

{{Languages of India}}

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Category:Dravidian languages

Category:Endangered diaspora languages

Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu