Balfron Tower

Balfron Tower is {{convert|84|m|ft|0}} high and contains 146 homes (136 flats and 10 maisonettes). Lifts serve every third floor; thus, to reach a flat on the 11th, 12th, or 13th floors, residents or visitors would take a lift to the 12th. The lift shaft sits in a separate service tower, also containing laundry rooms and rubbish chutes, and joined to the residential tower by eight walkways.

The maisonettes are on floors 1 and 2, and 15 and 16, causing a break in the pattern of fenestration on the west side.{{cite web|title=Brutalist buildings: Balfron Tower, London by Ernö Goldfinger|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/24/brutalist-buildings-balfron-tower-london-erno-goldfinger/|publisher=Dezeen|accessdate=16 January 2016|date=24 September 2014}}

The service tower is topped by a boiler room. In 1985, the original concrete boiler flues were replaced with metal, due to concrete decay.

File:Balfron Tower E14.jpg

{{redirect|Carradale House|the house in Scotland|Carradale House, Argyll and Bute}}

File:Vasilis-UK-1999-2007 010.jpg

Carradale House (1967–70) is an adjacent, unique, modernist building, also designed by Ernő Goldfinger and Grade II listed. The two buildings appear to be natural extensions of each other, linked by style and design, with the long, low form of Carradale House complementing the height of Balfron Tower. All flats have dual window aspect and large south facing balconies, allowing plenty of natural light, and decorated with natural wood panels on the sides. The block is {{convert|37|m|ft|0}} tall with 11 floors, and contains 88 flats.[http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3280 Carradale House] at Skyscraper News The building has a similar podium to Balfron Tower, albeit more extensive with a large underground car park underneath. It too has sky bridges on the same principle of access at every third floor. After designing Balfron, Goldfinger identified all the possible improvements and incorporated them first in Carradale House and afterwards to Trellick Tower. Like Balfron Tower, the robust nature of the detailing to this building has helped it to weather the passage of time. Over the course of three years, Carradale underwent an extensive and careful renovation under the supervision of English Heritage and the direction of PRP Architects.

The two blocks were known as Rowlett Street Phases I and II during development before being named after the Scottish villages of Balfron and Carradale, a pattern followed in naming other locations on the nearby Aberfeldy and Teviot estates.

Owen Hatherley describes the surrounding Brownfield Estate as "all designed with an attention to detail and quality of materials unusual for the 60s or any other decade".{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2013/may/28/london-underappreciated-architecture-in-pictures#/?picture=409570158&index=5 |title=Brownfield Estate, Poplar. Designed by Ernő Goldfinger | work= London's most underappreciated architecture – in pictures |date=28 May 2013 |accessdate=28 May 2013 }}

File:Lobby, the Balfron Tower.jpg

Balfron Tower was designed by architect Ernő Goldfinger and is associated with the Brutalist style of 1960s architecture. Goldfinger himself was pleased with the design and moved into flat 130, on the 25th floor, for two months in 1968. He and his wife threw champagne parties to find out what the residents liked and disliked about his design.{{cite news

| author = Alice Rawsthorn

| author-link = Alice Rawsthorn

| title = Child's Play

| work = The New York Times

| date = 8 November 2009

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2009/11/08/style/t/index.html#pageName=08rawsthorn

| page = 4

| accessdate=23 November 2009

}} He applied what he learnt to his design for the similar and more famous Trellick Tower in West London. Goldfinger's studio later added Glenkerry House on the same estate, complementing Balfron Tower and Carradale in style.

The building was given Grade II listed status in March 1996, (later changed to Grade II*) followed by Carradale House in 2000.{{National Heritage List for England|num=1246931|desc=Carradale House|accessdate=11 December 2014}} to spare them from demolition. Carradale and Glenkerry Houses were also included in the Balfron Tower Conservation Area, designated in 1998.[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=be21bde9-b3ca-4d82-a024-d760f4859e52&version=-1 Balfron Tower Conservation Area Appraisals and Management Guidelines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222022538/http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=be21bde9-b3ca-4d82-a024-d760f4859e52&version=-1 |date=22 February 2012 }}, Tower Hamlets Council. Retrieved 23 November 2009 The listing continues to attract comment, especially in view of the failure of another nearby Brutalist estate, Robin Hood Gardens, to obtain the same protection.[http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/buying_and_selling/article4261154.ece Brutalist towers are worshipped by the young urban crowd]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The Times, 4 July 2008

In recent years Balfron Tower has been popular with visitors during the annual Open House Weekend.{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/feb3207c-cf22-11e0-86c5-00144feabdc0.html |title=A Taste for the modern |work=Financial Times |date=2 September 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2011 |archivedate=26 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126090800/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/feb3207c-cf22-11e0-86c5-00144feabdc0.html |url-status=live }}

In December 2007, following a ballot of residents in 2006, Tower Hamlets Council transferred its ownership of Balfron Tower, Carradale House and the surrounding Brownfield Estate to Poplar HARCA, a housing association.[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/templates/news/detail.cfm?newsid%3D8854 'Better quality of life']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Tower Hamlets Council, 18 December 2007

File:Balfron Tower entrance door.jpg

HARCA began a full refurbishment of the buildings in 2011. The architectural firm PRP which took up this project looked to restore these Brutalist structures to their original form as required by English Heritage, and also to bring the buildings up to modern specifications and 21st century living standards.

The refurbishment was technically challenging, due to the need to install new services without disturbing the listed exterior. The solid concrete design also suffers inherently from cold bridging, which had to be remedied by internal wall insulation.

Residents were to have the option to keep their flats in the blocks, or to move into new low-rise homes nearby, in which case the vacated flats would be sold to finance the works.[http://www.prparchitects.co.uk/our-sectors/refurbishment/balfron-tower.html?searched=balfron+tower&advsearch=allwords&highlight=ajaxSearch_highlight+ajaxSearch_highlight1+ajaxSearch_highlight2 Balfron Tower & Carradale House]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at PRP Architects website[http://www.bdonline.co.uk/the-future’s-golden-for-balfron/3124933.article The future's golden for Balfron], Building Design, October 2008 In October 2010, the residents of both blocks were sent notice that the refurbishment would require all residents to move out, due to fire safety and other risks, with no undertaking on whether they could return.{{cite web |url=http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/redevelopment_of_iconic_balfron_tower_leads_to_housing_uncertainty_1_758476 |title=Redevelopment of iconic Balfron Tower leads to housing uncertainty |accessdate=21 December 2010 |author=Alistair Kleebauer |date=21 December 2010 |work=East London Advertiser |archive-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001131042/http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/redevelopment_of_iconic_balfron_tower_leads_to_housing_uncertainty_1_758476 |url-status=dead }}

The first phase of the refurbishment took place from 2011 to 2014 with the lower block, Carradale House. Key features of the refurbishment include:[http://www.poplarharca.co.uk/DevelopmentandRegeneration/Brownfield/BalfronTowerCarradaleHouse Balfron Tower & Carradale House] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130718084427/http://www.poplarharca.co.uk/DevelopmentandRegeneration/Brownfield/BalfronTowerCarradaleHouse |date=18 July 2013 }}, Poplar HARCA. Retrieved 18 July 2013. replacement of existing windows with high-performance examples matching original pattern; upgrade of thermal performance using materials to provide insulation and vapour barriers; efficient gas-fired boilers for replacement communal heating system; and new wet services, incorporating water conservation measures. Internally, communal spaces and flats are sensitively refurbished in keeping and without altering Goldfinger's original layouts and heritage features.

These embody key considerations related to restoring the key elements of the original scheme, undertaking repair and replacement on like-for-like basis, ensuring a lifespan of at least 30 years, taking advantage of a once in a lifetime opportunity to scaffold the entire building and upgrading as far as possible to accord with modern standards. This will ensure its future effectiveness and desirability as a place to live.

Work to refurbish Balfron Tower was undertaken through a joint partnership with Londonewcastle, a luxury residential developer.{{cite web |url=http://londonewcastle.com/press/news/articles/2013-12/londonewcastle-and-united-house-to-refurb-iconic-goldfinger-tower/ |title=Londonewcastle and United House to refurb iconic Goldfiner tower |date=20 December 2013 |publisher=Londonewcastle |accessdate=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211027/http://londonewcastle.com/press/news/articles/2013-12/londonewcastle-and-united-house-to-refurb-iconic-goldfinger-tower/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}

Pending the works to Balfron Tower, some flats were temporarily occupied by artists, who contributed to the community and put on displays in "heritage flat" number 123.[http://londonist.com/2009/03/interview_bow_arts_in_balfron_tower.php Bow Arts In Balfron Tower], Londonist, 17 March 2009 A major photographic project was undertaken in November 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.showbriefdetail&newsid=899 |title=Residents of Balfron Tower empowered by Simon Terrill's photographic representation |accessdate=21 December 2010 |date=28 October 2010 |publisher=World Architecture News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915094636/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.showbriefdetail&newsid=899 |archivedate=15 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}[http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/6512968.article High society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204623/http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/6512968.article |date=5 March 2016 }}, Inside Housing, 17 December 2010

In September 2014, Wayne Hemingway restored Goldfinger's former flat number 130 to 1960s style as part of a National Trust exhibition on brutalism.{{cite news|author=Mark Brown|title=Balfron Tower exhibition showcases Ernő Goldfinger's brutalist talent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/sep/26/balfron-tower-exhibition-erno-goldfinger-brutalist |accessdate=29 November 2017 |work=The Guardian|date=26 September 2014}}

As residents were decanted, a campaign formed in December 2014 in an attempt to save 50% of the Balfron as social housing.{{cite web|url=http://balfronsocialclub.org/about/|title=About - Balfron Social Club|website=Balfronsocialclub.org|date=16 January 2019 }} In February 2015, residents and campaigners protested HARCA in February 2015 over fears that social tenants would be evicted.{{cite web|author=Mike Brooke|url=https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/east-end-tenants-booted-out-of-goldfinger-s-iconic-balfron-tower-claim-1-3961574|title=East End tenants 'booted out' of Goldfinger's iconic Balfron Tower' claim|date=18 February 2015|website=East London Advertiser|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324191154/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/east-end-tenants-booted-out-of-goldfinger-s-iconic-balfron-tower-claim-1-3961574|url-status=dead}} Shortly afterwards, it was announced that no social housing would be retained, and that all of the flats would be sold.{{cite web|last1=Mortimer|first1=Benjamin|title=How the Balfron Tower tenants were 'decanted' and lost their homes|url=http://www.eastendreview.co.uk/2015/03/24/balfron-tower-poplar-harca/|website=East End Review|accessdate=16 January 2016|date=24 March 2015}} Six "heritage" apartments have been retained with original layout and colour scheme, with fixtures matching the originals.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jul/26/balfron-tower-britain-ugliest-building-gentrified |title='The council tenants weren't going to be allowed back': how Britain's 'ugliest building' was gentrified |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}}

The second phase refurbishment plans were strongly opposed by the Twentieth Century Society in 2015.{{cite news|title=C20 Society's fears are confirmed as the Balfron Tower's new look is unveiled |url=https://c20society.org.uk/news/c20-societys-fears-are-confirmed-as-the-balfron-towers-new-look-is-unveiled/ |work=Twentieth Century Society |date=7 March 2019 |accessdate=13 March 2019}} In particular they claim that the 'unsympathetic' replacement of the tower's windows has compromised the distinction and importance of the tower, reducing it from a 'genuinely iconic brutalist masterpiece' to an 'ersatz hybrid'.

Rowland Atkinson from the University of Sheffield said: "The decision to convert two of the most symbolic tower blocks in London from local authority to private residences is a sign of how much the city has been set in service to the needs of capital and the rich."{{cite book

|last= Atkinson

|first= Rowland

|title= Alpha City: How the Super-Rich Captured London

|publisher= Verso

|year= 2020

|isbn= 978-1-78873-797-5

}}

Shots of the building are featured in music videos for "This Is Music" by The Verve, "Morning Glory" by Oasis, "Mortalhas" by ProfJam, "Ready to Go" by Republica, and “Money Talks” by Rubella Ballet.

Balfron Tower has appeared as a location in many British television programmes, often when an impression of urban deprivation was required. Some that used it extensively are "Faking It", the second episode of the BBC series Hustle; the ITV series The Fixer; and Whitechapel, a three-part drama series produced by Carnival Films.

The tower is featured in the 1988 film For Queen and Country, starring Denzel Washington and was the filming location for Shopping, a 1994 film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It also features in Danny Boyle's post-apocalyptic horror film 28 Days Later[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/jun/19/east-london-balfron-tower-macbeth-production 'Decaying east London tower block to house 12-hour Macbeth production'] The Guardian, 19 June 2014{{Cite web |date=2019-09-19 |title=Balfron 2.0: how Goldfinger's utopian tower became luxury flats |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/sep/19/balfron-20-how-goldfingers-utopian-tower-became-luxury-flats |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=the Guardian |language=en}} and the 2011 film Blitz.{{cite video

| date = 20 July 2011

| title = Blitz Trailer No. 2

| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC3nN2KEkEI

| medium = Trailer

| publisher = Maple Pictures

| accessdate = 14 August 2011

| time = 0:13

}}

William Raban shot About Now MMX (2010) during his artist's residency in Balfron Tower.{{Cite web |title=Balfron Tower: a building archive |url=https://www.balfrontower.org/document/49/about-now-mmx/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.balfrontower.org}} In July 2014 artist Catherine Yass was refused permission to drop a piano from the Tower as part of a "community workshop to explore how sound travels".{{cite web |author=Tom Brooks-Pollock |date=10 July 2014 |title=Artist's plan to drop piano off 27-storey tower block falls flat |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/piano-drop-stunt-artist-catherine-yass-turner-prize-balfron-tower-poplar-9596914.html |website=Evening Standard}}

In 2014, the National Trust refurbished flat 130, where Goldfinger lived, to resemble its appearance in the 1960s. The work was designed by Tilly Hemmingway, with objects donated by the Land of Lost Content, a popular culture museum in Shropshire.{{cite news |date=26 September 2014 |title=National Trust opens 1960s pop-up flat in iconic tower |url=https://www.eastlondonlines.co.uk/2014/09/national-trust-opens-1960s-pop-up-flat-in-iconic-tower-block/ |accessdate=10 August 2021 |work=East London Lines}}

UK grime artist Wiley used Balfron Tower and the Brownfield Estate as the location for the music video of his track "P Money" in 2015, which was then later featured in his 2017 album Godfather.

The tower is referenced in the song "Balfron" by the band John on their album God Speed in the National Limit.

The estate is served by London Buses routes 108 and 309. London Buses routes 15, 115 and D8 run nearby.

The estate is adjacent to the junction of the Limehouse Cut canal and the River Lea Navigation at Bow Locks.

The nearest stations are Langdon Park and All Saints for Docklands Light Railway services towards Canary Wharf and Stratford.

The nearest London Underground stations are Bromley-by-Bow tube station and Bow Road tube station on the District and Hammersmith & City lines, and in Travelcard Zones 4 and 3 respectively.{{cite map/Standard Tube Map}}

• Trellick Tower, similar tower in Kensal Town (west London)
• Glenkerry House, later block facing Balfron Tower, housing co-op

{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{Commonscat-multi|Balfron Tower|Carradale House, London}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030106214108/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/65/slabs/buckingham.html Points (and slabs) of interest] by Sarah Buckingham
• [http://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/balfron-tower%E2%80%99s-human-face/5011585.article Building Design Online, Balfron's human face] {{subscription required}}
• [http://www.balfrontower.org/ Balfron Tower: a building archive] of public documents, by David Roberts, Bartlett School of Architecture

Category:Brutalist architecture in London

Category:Ernő Goldfinger buildings

Category:Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Category:Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Category:Residential skyscrapers in London

Category:Poplar, London

Category:1967 establishments in England

Category:Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Category:Residential buildings completed in 1967