Ball and Chain (Big Mama Thornton song)

{{Infobox song

| name = Ball and Chain Part 1

| cover = Ball and Chain Part 1 single cover.jpg

| type = single

| artist = Big Mama Thornton

| album = Ball and Chain

| B-side = Wade in the Water

| released = {{Start date|1968}}

| genre = Blues

| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=25}}

| label = Arhoolie

| writer = Willie Mae Thornton {{a.k.a.}} Big Mama Thornton

}}

"Ball and Chain" (also "Ball 'n' Chain" or "Ball & Chain") is a blues song written and recorded by American blues artist Big Mama Thornton. Although her recording did not appear on the record charts, the song has become one of Thornton's best-known, largely due to performances and recordings by Janis Joplin.

Background and releases

In the early 1960s, Thornton recorded several songs for Bay-Tone Records. Two were released on a single, "You Did Me Wrong" and "Big Mama's Blues".Bay Tone Records no. 107 A review by Billboard magazine noted "moderate sales potential",

{{cite magazine

| author = Billboard

| date = May 15, 1961

| title = Reviews and Ratings of New Records

| magazine = Billboard

| volume = 73

| issue = 19

| issn = 0006-2510

| page = 49

}} but it did not enter the magazine's R&B single chart.

{{cite book

| last = Whitburn

| first = Joel

| author-link = Joel Whitburn

| title = Top R&B Singles 1942–1988

| year = 1988

| location = Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin

| publisher = Record Research

| isbn = 0-89820-068-7

| page = [https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whit/page/411 411]

| url = https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whit/page/411

}} According to music writer Gillian Gaar, Thornton also recorded "Ball and Chain" for Bay Tone, although it was never released.

{{cite book

| first= Gillian

| last= Gaar

| year= 1992

| title= She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll

| url= https://archive.org/details/shesrebelhistor00gaar

| url-access= registration

| edition=

| publisher= Seal Press

| location= Seattle

| page= [https://archive.org/details/shesrebelhistor00gaar/page/4 4]

| isbn= 978-1580050784

}}

In 1968, Arhoolie Records released "Ball and Chain".

{{cite encyclopedia

| last = Dahl

| first = Bill

| editor1-last = Erlewine

| editor1-first = Michael

| editor1-link = Michael Erlewine

| encyclopedia = All Music Guide to the Blues

| section = Big Mama Thornton

| year = 1996

| location = San Francisco

| publisher = Miller Freeman Books

| isbn = 0-87930-424-3

| page = [https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle/page/251 251]

| url = https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle/page/251

| title = All music guide to the blues : The experts' guide to the best blues recordings

}} An edited version, titled "Ball and Chain Part 1" was released as a single, while the complete four and a half minute song is included on a joint album by Thornton, Lightnin' Hopkins, and Larry Williams titled Ball and Chain.

{{Cite AV media notes|title=Ball and Chain|others=Big Mama Thornton, Lightnin' Hopkins, Larry Williams|year=1968|url=https://www.discogs.com/Big-Mama-Thornton-Lightnin-Hopkins-Larry-Williams-Ball-And-Chain/master/606367#images/4549429/|publisher=Arhoolie Records|via=Discogs|type=Back album cover|id=1039}}

Thornton is backed by a small combo with her frequent guitar accompanist Edward "Bee" Houston.

{{AllMusic

| class = album

| id = mw0000031892

| tab = review

| label = Bee Houston: The Hustler – Review

| last = Schulte

| first = Tom

| accessdate = May 10, 2013

}} She later recorded several live and studio performances of the song, including one on her 1969 Billboard Top 200 album Stronger Than Dirt.Mercury Records SR 61225

Janis Joplin / Big Brother and the Holding Company renditions

Janis Joplin, who frequently acknowledged Thornton's musical influence, recorded several live performances of "Ball and Chain". According to Big Brother and the Holding Company guitarist James Gurley, Joplin first heard the song during a performance by Thornton at a bar in San Francisco.

{{cite book

| last = Friedman

| first = Myra

| title = Buried Alive: The Biography of Janis Joplin

| year = 2011

| publisher = Crown Publishing Group

| isbn = 978-0307790521

| page = 334

}} The group transformed the song into a slow minor-key blues with breaks. They performed the song at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 to an enthusiastic audience and critical reception.{{Gilliland |show=47 |title=Show 47 - Sergeant Pepper at the Summit: The very best of a very good year. [Part 3] |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19815/m1/}} The first performance on June 17 was not filmed, so the band was persuaded to perform the song again on the next day. Drastically edited footage of this second performance (cutting out the second verse and a lengthy guitar solo) featured in the 1968 film Monterey Pop, while the full June 17 performance was released in 1993 on the three-disc box set Janis. Another live version of "Ball and Chain", recorded March 8, 1968, at the Fillmore East, was included on Big Brother's 1968 breakthrough album Cheap Thrills. Other live versions are included on Cheaper Thrills, Live at Winterland '68, Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968, The Woodstock Experience, and In Concert.

Copyright issues

According to Gaar, Thornton originally had recorded the song for Bay-Tone Records in the early 1960s, although the label did not issue it. Gaar adds that "[Bay-Tone held] on to the copyright—which meant that Thornton missed out on the publishing royalties when Janis Joplin recorded the song later in the decade." By another account, Thornton signed an agreement with Bay Tone which caused problems with later releases.{{cite book | last = Spörke | first = Michael | title = Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music | publisher = McFarland Inc. | isbn = 978-0-7864-7759-3 | year = 2014 | page = 43}} In a 1972 interview, Thornton acknowledged giving Joplin permission to record the song and receiving royalty payments from its sales.Sporke 2014, p. 70.