Baltic amber

Image:Bryłki Bursztynu Bałtyckiego (sukcynitu).jpg

Image:Eocene Europe amber map.jpg and contemporaneously deposited Rovno amber and Bitterfeld amber]]

Baltic amber or succinite is amber from the Baltic region, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the resin for more than 100,000 tons of amber.{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=A. P. |last2=Tappert |first2=R. |last3=Muehlenbachs |first3=K. |last4=Boudreau |first4=M. |last5=McKellar |first5=R. C. |last6=Basinger |first6=J. F. |last7=Garrett |first7=A. |year=2009 |title=A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=276 |issue=1672 |pages=3403–3412 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 |pmid=19570786 |pmc=2817186}} Today, more than 90% of the world's amber comes from Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is a major source of income for the region; the local Kaliningrad Amber Combine extracted 250 tonnes of it in 2014{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-30743703 |title=Russia: Amber covers beach after storm |publisher=BBC |date=9 January 2015}} and 400 tonnes in 2015.{{cite web |url=http://www.ambermuseum.ru/en/home/about_amber/extraction |title=Amber mining |publisher=Amber Museum Kaliningrad}} Baltic amber is also found in Poland, as well as the Baltic states.

Bitterfeld amber from the brown coal mines near Bitterfeld in Germany was previously thought to be redeposited Baltic amber, but is now known to be chemically distinct, though like with Ukrainian Rovno amber, it is thought to have been deposited around the same time as Baltic amber.{{Cite journal |last=Jason A. Dunlop |last2=Marusik |first2=Yuri |last3=Vlaskin |first3=Anatoly P. |date=December 2019 |title=Comparing Arachnids in Rovno Amber with the Baltic and Bitterfeld Deposits |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0031030119100034 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=1074–1083 |doi=10.1134/S0031030119100034 |issn=0031-0301|url-access=subscription }}

Because Baltic amber contains from 3 to 8% succinic acid, it is also termed succinite.

Geologic context

Image:Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg

In situ Baltic amber is derived from the sediments of the geological formation termed the Prussian Formation, formerly called the "Amber Formation", with the main amber bearing horizon being referred to as "Blue Earth", so named due to its glauconite content. The formation is exposed in the northern part of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad. Much of the Baltic amber has been secondarily redeposited in Pleistocene glacial till deposits across the North European Plain.{{Cite book|last1=Penney|first1=David|last2=Acra|first2=Fadi|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904772774|title=Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits|date=2010|publisher=Siri Scientific Press|isbn=978-0-9558636-4-6|pages=81–84|chapter=Baltic Amber|oclc=904772774}} It has been proposed that the amber is secondarily redeposited in coastal lagoonal conditions after a marine transgression of the amber forest. The age of the amber is controversial, though it is generally interpreted as having been produced during the Eocene epoch (56-34 million years ago). Different authors have given estimates of 40-47 million years ago and 35-43 million years ago as the age of the amber. Dating the amber precisely is difficult due to its redeposited context.{{Cite journal |last1=Moser |first1=Marina |last2=Burks |first2=Roger A. |last3=Ulmer |first3=Jonah M. |last4=Heraty |first4=John M. |last5=Kamp |first5=Thomas van de |last6=Krogmann |first6=Lars |date=2021-05-25 |title=Taxonomic description and phylogenetic placement of two new species of Spalangiopelta (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Ceinae) from Eocene Baltic amber |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |pages=e10939 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10939 |pmid=34113480 |pmc=8162234 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}

While the Bitterfeld amber found near Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, was historically considered redeposited Baltic amber, it has been found to be chemically distinct.{{Cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Alexander P. |last2=McKellar |first2=Ryan C. |last3=Tappert |first3=Ralf |last4=Sodhi |first4=Rana N.S. |last5=Muehlenbachs |first5=Karlis |date=February 2016 |title=Bitterfeld amber is not Baltic amber: Three geochemical tests and further constraints on the botanical affinities of succinite |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003466671500216X |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |language=en |volume=225 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.002|url-access=subscription }}

Baltic amber tree

It was thought since the 1850s that the resin that became amber was produced by the tree Pinites succinifer, but research in the 1980s concluded that the resin originates from several species. More recently, it has been proposed, on the evidence of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of amber and resin from living trees, that conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae were responsible. The only extant representative of this family is the Japanese umbrella pine, Sciadopitys verticillata.

Structure

File:Baltic Amber General Structure.svg

The structure of Baltic amber (succinite) is complex. It is not a polymer, because it is not composed of a repeating pattern of mers of the same type. Rather it has a macromolecular structure arranged in a crosslinked network, in which the pores (free spaces) are filled by components of molecular structure (e.g. by mono- and sesquiterpenes). Thus the chemical structure of the amber may be described as a supramolecule.Matuszewska A. Bursztyn (sukcynit), inne żywice kopalne, subfosylne I współczesne. Katowice, 2010. The structure makes the amber denser, harder and more resistant to external factors. It also makes possible good preservation of plant and animal inclusions.{{Harvnb|Matushevskaya|2013|p=8}}

History of use

Baltic amber has been traded since the Neolithic period in Europe, with Baltic amber being found as trade goods from 3634–3363 BC in Spain,{{Cite journal |last=Murillo-Barroso |first=M. |last2=Cólliga |first2=A. Martín |last3=Martinón-Torres |first3=M. |date=2023-08-31 |title=The earliest Baltic amber in Western Europe |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41293-0 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-41293-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=10471576 |pmid=37653106}} with Baltic amber being traded to China by the time of the Han Dynasty.{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Dian |last2=Zeng |first2=Qingshuo |last3=Yuan |first3=Ye |last4=Cui |first4=Benxin |last5=Luo |first5=Wugan |date=November 2019 |title=Baltic amber or Burmese amber: FTIR studies on amber artifacts of Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed from Nanyang |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1386142519306602 |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy |language=en |volume=222 |pages=117270 |doi=10.1016/j.saa.2019.117270|url-access=subscription }} Initially Baltic amber was extracted from redeposited amber in Holocene deposits, like sandbars, with large scale industrial extraction beginning in the 19th century.Anna Małka & Regina Kramarska [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barbara-Slodkowska/publication/266537829_The_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum_and_the_formation_of_the_Baltic_amber_deposits/links/5433e2fb0cf294006f722e51/The-Eocene-Climatic-Optimum-and-the-formation-of-the-Baltic-amber-deposits.pdf#page=11 The mining of Baltic amber deposits in Poland ‐ an overview] International Amber Researcher Symposium Amberif 2013

Paleobiology

Numerous extinct genera and species of plants and animals have been discovered and scientifically described from inclusions in Baltic amber.{{ cite book |author1=Weitschat, W. |author2=Wichard, W. | year = 2002 | title = Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber | publisher = Pfeil | isbn = 978-3931516949 }} Inclusions of insects make up over 98% of the animals preserved in the amber, while all other arthropods, annelids, molluscs, nematodes, protozoans contribute less than 0.5% of the animals. Vertebrates are another 0.5% of the animals included and mostly are represented by mammal fur, feathers, and reptiles.{{cite book |last1=Weitschat |first1=W. |last2=Wichard |first2=W. |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=D. |title=Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits |publisher= Siri Scientific Press |date=2010 |pages=80–115 |chapter=Chapter 6: Baltic amber |isbn=978-0-9558636-4-6}}

=Flora=

class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:70%;"
Name ! Authors ! Year ! Family ! Notes ! Images
*Notoscyphus balticus{{cite journal \|last1=Heinrichs \|first1=J \|last2=Schmidt \|first2=AR \|last3=Schäfer-Verwimp \|first3=A \|last4=Gröhn \|first4=C \|last5=Renner \|first5=MAM \|year=2015 \|title=The leafy liverwort Notoscyphus balticus sp. nov. (Jungermanniales) in Eocene Baltic amber \|journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology \|volume=217 \|pages=39–44\|doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.006\|bibcode=2015RPaPa.217...39H }} \| Heinrichs et al \| 2015 \| Geocalycaceae \| A liverwort \|
*Rhizomnium dentatum{{cite journal \|last1=Heinrichs \|first1=J \|last2=Hedenäs \|first2=L \|last3=Schäfer-Verwimp \|first3=A \|last4=Feldberg \|first4=K \|last5=Schmidt \|first5=AR \|year=2014 \|title=An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber \|journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology \|volume=210 \|pages=113–118 \|doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005\|bibcode=2014RPaPa.210..113H }} \| Heinrichs et al \| 2014 \| Mniaceae \| A bryopsid moss \|

class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:70%;"

Name

! Authors

! Year

! Family

! Notes

! Images

*Notoscyphus balticus{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Schmidt |first2=AR |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Gröhn |first4=C |last5=Renner |first5=MAM |year=2015 |title=The leafy liverwort Notoscyphus balticus sp. nov. (Jungermanniales) in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=217 |pages=39–44|doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.006|bibcode=2015RPaPa.217...39H }}

Heinrichs et al

2015

Geocalycaceae

A liverwort

*Rhizomnium dentatum{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Hedenäs |first2=L |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Feldberg |first4=K |last5=Schmidt |first5=AR |year=2014 |title=An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=210 |pages=113–118 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005|bibcode=2014RPaPa.210..113H }}

Heinrichs et al

2014

Mniaceae

A bryopsid moss

=Fauna=

{{columns-list |colwidth=15em|

Agroecomyrmex Wheeler, 1910{{ cite journal | last1 = Wheeler | first1 = W. M. | title = The Ants of the Baltic Amber | journal = Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg | year = 1914 | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 56–59 }}
Aphaenogaster mersa Wheeler, 1915
Aphaenogaster oligocenica Wheeler, 1915
Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti (Mayr, 1868)
Arostropsis Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011{{Cite journal |last1=Yunakov |first1=N.N. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A.G. |year=2011 |title=New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=160 |pages = 73–96 |doi= 10.3897/zookeys.160.2108 |pmid=22303121 |pmc=3253632|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011ZooK..160...73Y }}
Aspidopleura Gibson, 2009{{cite journal | last1 = Gibson | first1 = G. A. P. | year = 2009 | title = Description of three New Genera and four New Species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic Amber, with Discussion of their Relationships to Extant Taxa | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 20 | pages = 175–214 | url = http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.20.161 | access-date = 2011-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922071426/http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | archive-date = 2010-09-22 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009ZooK...20..175G }}
Asymphylomyrmex Wheeler, 1915
Balticopta gusakovi Balashov & Perkovsky, 2020Balashov I.A. & Perkovsky E.E. 2020. [https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/IZ/IZ%20Vol%2017/invert17_1_018_024_Balashov_Perkovsky_for_Inet.pdf An Eocene land snail Balticopta gusakovi gen.n., sp.n. (Stylommatophora: Gastrocoptidae) from Baltic amber] // Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.17. No.1: 18–24.
Baltimartyria Skalski, 1995
Baltocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000{{cite journal |last1=Eskov |first1=K. Y. |last2=Zonstein |first2=S. L. |year=2000 |title=The First Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae) |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=S268–S274}} [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS268.pdf Part 1]; [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS271.pdf part 2], PDF.
Brevivulva Gibson, 2009
Deinodryinus areolatus (Ponomarenko, 1975){{Cite journal |last1= Guglielmino |first1=A. |last2=Olmi |first2=M. |year=2011 |title=Revision of fossil species of Deinodryinus, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=130 |pages = 495–504 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.130.1326 |pmid=22259295 |pmc=3260777|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011ZooK..130..495G }}
Deinodryinus velteni Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011
Diochus electrus Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011{{Cite journal |last1=Chatzimanolis |first1=S. |last2=Engel |first2=M. S. |title=A new species of Diochus from Baltic amber (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Diochini) |journal=ZooKeys |year=2011 |issue=138 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.138.1896 |url=https://www.pensoft.net/J_FILES/1/articles/1896/1896-G-3-layout.pdf |pmid=22144854 |pmc=3208521|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011ZooK..138...65C }}
Electrinocellia (Carpenter) Engel, 1995{{ cite journal | last1 = Engel | first1 = M. S. | year = 1995 | title = A New Fossil Snake-Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) | journal = Psyche: A Journal of Entomology | volume = 102 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1155/1995/23626 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1808/16479 | hdl-access = free }}
Electrocteniza Eskov & Zonstein, 2000
Electropodagrion Azar & Nel, 2008{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2008 |title= First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera) |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=New Series |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580|doi-access=free }}{{subscription required|via=Taylor & Francis}}
Electrostephanus Brues, 1933{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M.S. |last2=Ortega-Blanco |first2=J. |year=2008 |title=The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae |journal= ZooKeys |issue=4 |pages = 55–64 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.4.49|doi-access=free |bibcode=2008ZooK....4...55E |hdl=2445/36428 |hdl-access=free }}
Elektrithone Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014{{Cite journal|last1=Makarkin |first1=VN |last2=Wedmann |first2=S |last3=Weiterschan |first3=T |year=2014 |title=First record of the family Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3796 |issue=2 |pages=385–393 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10 |pmid=24870683 }}
Eogeometer vadens Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Thilo C. |last2=Michalski |first2=Artur |last3=Hausmann |first3=Axel |year=2019 |title=Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 17201 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53734-w |pmid=31748672 |pmc=6868187|bibcode=2019NatSR...917201F }}
Epiborkhausenites Skalski, 1973{{Cite journal | last1 = Skalski | first1 = A. W. | title = Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II. Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth Discovered in the Baltic Amber | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | year = 1973 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–160 | url = http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app18/app18-153.pdf }}
Glisachaemus Szwedo, 2007{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=J. |year=2007 |title=Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) |journal=Alavesia |volume=1 |pages=109–116 |url=http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719015738/http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |url-status=dead }}
Gracillariites Kozlov, 1987
Metanephrocerus collini Carpenter & Hull, 1939{{cite journal |last1=Kehlmaier |first1=C |last2=Dierick |first2=M |last3=Skevington |first3=JH |year=2014 |title=Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae) |journal=Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=23–36|doi=10.3897/asp.72.e31784 |doi-access=free }}
Metanephrocerus groehni Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014
Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014
Electrocrania Kuznezov, 1941
Fibla carpenteri Engel, 1995
Metapelma archetypon Gibson, 2009
Micropterix gertraudae Kurz & Kurz, 2010
Mindarus harringtoni (Hele, 2008)
Neanaperiallus Gibson, 2009
Palaeovespa baltica Cockerell, 1909{{Cite journal|last1 = Cockerell | first1 = T. D. A. | year = 1906 | title = Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado | journal = Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/fossilhymenopter00cockiala }}
Palaeovespa socialis Pionar, 2005{{ cite journal | last1 = Poinar | first1 = G. | author-link = George Poinar Jr. | year = 2005 | title = Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber | journal = Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32142741 }}
Prolyonetia Kusnetzov, 1941
Propupa Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2006{{ cite journal |author1=Stworzewicz, E. |author2=Pokryszko, B. M. | year = 2006 | title = Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber | journal = Annales Zoologici | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 215–224 | url = http://www.miiz.waw.pl/periodicals/annales-zoologici/abstracts/AZ-56-1-abs.pdf }}
Pseudogarypus synchrotron Henderickx, 2012{{Cite journal |last1=Henderickx |first1=H. |last2=Tafforeau |first2=P. |last3=Soriano |first3=C |year=2012 |title=Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new Pseudogarypus in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae) |journal= Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=15 |issue=2;17A,11p |pages = 1–11 |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-2-articles/252-pseudogarypus-synchrotron}}
Stigmellites baltica (Kozlov, 1988) (Lepidopteran leaf mines)
Xylolaemus sakhnovi Alekseev & Lord, 2014{{cite journal |last1=Alekseev |first1=VI |last2=Lord |first2=NP |year=2014 |title=A new species of Xylolaemus (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Baltic amber |journal=Baltic Journal of Coleopterology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |issn= 1407-8619}}
Succinipatopsis Poinar, 2000{{Cite journal | first1 = G. Jr. | last1 = Poinar | title = Fossil Onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic Amber: Tertiapatus dominicanus n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and Succinipatopsis balticus n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a Proposed Classification of the Subphylum Onychophora | journal = Invertebrate Biology | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–9 | year = 2000| doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x| doi-access = free }}
Yantaromyrmex constricta (Mayr, 1868){{cite journal |last1=Dlussky |first1=GM |last2=Dubovikoff |first2=DA |year=2013 |title=Yantaromyrmex gen. n. – a new ant genus (Hymenoptera Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe |journal=Caucasian Entomological Bulletin |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=305–314 |url=http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/0/08/Dlussky%2C_G.M._%26_Dubovikoff%2C_D.A._2013._Yantaromyrmex_gen._n._%E2%80%93_a_new_ant_genus_%28Hymenoptera_Formicidae%29_from_Late_Eocene_ambers_of_Europe.pdf|doi=10.23885/1814-3326-2013-9-2-305-314 |doi-access=free }}
Yantaromyrmex geinitzi (Mayr, 1868)
Yantaromyrmex samlandica (Wheeler, 1915)

}}

Image:Baltic beach sand containing amber.jpg|Typical beach sand on the Baltic Sea where amber is often washed up.

Image:Amber Fisher.jpg|Fishing for amber at the seacoast, Mikoszewo, close to Gdańsk, Poland.

Image:Colours of Baltic Amber.jpg|Different colours of Baltic amber.

File:Baltic amber Coleoptera Brentidae Apion 3.JPG|Fossil brentid beetle

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last1=Matushevskaya |first1=Aniela |year=2013 |chapter=Natural and artificial resins – chosen aspects of structure and properties |trans-chapter=Натуральные и искусственные смолы – некоторые аспекты структуры и свойств |editor1-last=Kostjashova |editor1-first=Z. V. |title=Янтарь и его имитации |script-title=ru:Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года |trans-title=Amber and its imitations |url=http://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read?id=548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9 |language=ru |location=Kaliningrad |publisher=Kaliningrad Amber Museum, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia) |page=113 |isbn=978-5-903920-26-6 |access-date=2016-06-18 |archive-date=2020-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162639/https://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9 |url-status=dead }}

Category:Eocene

Category:Paleontological sites of Europe

Category:Geology of Lithuania

Category:Oligocene geology