Ban Kulin

{{Infobox royalty

|name = Kulin

|succession = Ban of Bosnia

|image = Ploča Kulina bana iz crkve kod Visokog.jpg

|caption =

|reign = 1180–1204

|coronation =

|predecessor = Manuel I Komnenos

|successor = Stephen Kulinić

|spouse = Vojislava

|issue =

|house = Kulinić

|father =

|mother =

|birth_date = Usora

|birth_place = Bosnia

|death_date = {{circa}} November 1204

|death_place = Bosnia

|religion = Bosnian Church
Roman Catholicism (briefly)

}}

File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg

Kulin ({{lang-sh-Cyrl|Кулин}}; d. {{circa}} November 1204) was the Ban of Bosnia from 1180 to 1204, first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary, although his state was de facto independent. He was one of Bosnia's most prominent and notable historic rulers and had a great effect on the development of early Bosnian history.{{cite book |title= Bosnia: A Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |author-link= Noel Malcolm |date= 1 October 1996 |publisher= New York University Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0814755617 |page= 364 }}{{page needed|date=September 2012}} One of his most noteworthy diplomatic achievements is widely considered to have been the signing of the Charter of Ban Kulin, which encouraged trade and established peaceful relations between Dubrovnik and his realm of Bosnia.{{cite book |title=Sarajevo essays: politics, ideology, and tradition |last= Mahmutćehajić |first= Rusmir |year= 2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=9780791456378 |page=252 }}Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858{{page needed|date=September 2012}} His son, Stephen Kulinić succeeded him as Bosnian Ban. Kulin founded the House of Kulinić.

Early life

Kulin's sister was married to Miroslav of Hum, the brother of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–1196).{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=19–20}}{{cite book|author=Stanoje Stanojević|title=Istorija Jugoslovena: Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca: za srednje i stručne škole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMpIAQAAIAAJ|year=1931|publisher=Izd. knj. Gece Kona|page=75}} He belonged to the Bosnian nobility and was brought to the throne when the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) was the overlord of Bosnia.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=646}}{{cite web |author1=Pejo Ćošković |author1-link=Pejo Ćošković |title=Kulin |url=https://hbl.lzmk.hr/projekt.aspx |website=hbl.lzmk.hr |publisher=Hrvatski biografski leksikon |access-date=11 June 2022 |language=hr |date=2013}} In 1180, when Komnenos died, Stefan Nemanja and Kulin asserted independence of Serbia and Bosnia, respectively.

Reign

His rule is often remembered as being emblematic of Bosnia's golden age, and he is a common hero of Bosnian national folk tales. Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist.{{cite book |title= Bosnia: A Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |author-link= Noel Malcolm |date= 1 October 1996 |publisher= New York University Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0814755617 |page= 364 }} Bosnia was completely autonomous and mostly at peace during his rule.Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/700826/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/223949/History#ref=ref749840 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient and Medieval Periods]

=War against Byzantium=

In 1183, Kulin Ban led his troops with the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under King Béla and the Serbs under Stefan Nemanja, who had just launched an attack on the Byzantine Empire. The cause of the war was Hungary's non-recognition of the new emperor, Andronikos Komnenos. The united forces met little resistance in the eastern Serbian lands – the Byzantine squadrons were fighting among themselves as the local Byzantine commanders Alexios Brannes supported the new Emperor, while Andronikos Lapardes opposed him – and deserted the Imperial Army, going onto adventures on his own. Without difficulties, the Byzantines were pushed out of the Morava Valley and the allied forces breached all the way to Sofia, raiding Belgrade, Braničevo, Ravno, Niš and Sofia itself.

=Heresy=

In 1199, Serbian prince Vukan Nemanjić informed the Pope, Innocent, of heresy in Bosnia. Vukan claimed that Kulin, a heretic, had welcomed the heretics whom Bernard of Split had banished, and treated them as Christians. In 1200, the Pope wrote a letter to Kulin's suzerain, the Hungarian King Emeric, warning him that "no small number of Patarenes" had gone from Split and Trogir to Ban Kulin where they were warmly welcomed, and told him to "Go and ascertain the truth of these reports and if Kulin is unwilling to recant, drive him from your lands and confiscate his property". Kulin replied to the Pope that he did not regard the immigrants as heretics, but as Catholics, and that he was sending a few of them to Rome for examination, and also invited that a Papal representative be sent to investigate. Unconvinced, the Pope sent his legates to Bosnia to interrogate Kulin and his subjects about religion and life, and if indeed heretical, correct the situation through a prepared constitution. The Pope wrote to Bernard in 1202 that "a multitude of people in Bosnia are suspected of the damnable heresy of the Cathars." The two legates sent by the Pope went through the country of Bosnia and interrogated the clergy.

==Bilino Polje abjuration==

Not only did Casamaris listen to his informants' answers, but where they were in error, he would have taught them correct doctrine, in line with Innocent's directive. John must have convinced himself that he had fulfilled Innocent's command to correct the krstjani, because the "Confessio" (Abjuration) signed at Bilino Polje by seven priors of the Krstjani church on 8 April 1203, makes no mention of errors. The same document was brought to Budapest, 30 April by Casamaris and Kulin and two abbots, where it was examined by the Hungarian King and the high clergy. Kulin's son.{{cite journal|last1=Ivan|first1=Majnarić|title=The papal legate Ivan de Casamaris and the 1203 act of abjuration in Bilino polje: The Papal legate who was not a legate in Bosnia|journal=Radovi/Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar: Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar|date=22 October 2008|issue=50|pages=1–13 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=50191&lang=en|access-date=15 April 2017|language=hr|issn=1330-0474}}{{cite book|last1=Loos|first1=M.|title=Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages|date=1974|publisher=ACADEMIA Publishing House of Czechoslovak Academy of Science / Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789024716739|pages=162, 163, 164, 165|edition=Vol. 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euDAU2eb3h8C&q=Bilino+polje+abjuration&pg=PA164|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}

File:Povelja Kulina bana.jpg

=Charter of Ban Kulin=

The Charter of Ban Kulin was a trade agreement between Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa that effectively regulated Ragusan trade rights in Bosnia written on 29 August 1189. It is one of the oldest written state documents in the Balkans and is among the oldest historical documents written in Bosnian Cyrillic. The charter is of great significance in national pride and historical heritage of Bosnia.

=Death=

After his death in 1204, Ban Kulin was succeeded to the Bosnian throne by Stjepan, ban of Bosnia, often deemed his son.[https://twitter.com/EmirOFilipovic/status/1634135192922124290 Emir Filipovic], twitter

Marriage and children

Kulin married Vojislava,{{cite book|author1=Младен Лесковац|author2=Александар Форишковић|author3=Чедомир Попов|title=Српски биографски речник|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozYYAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Будућност|page=293|isbn=9788683651627}}{{cite book|author=Nikola Čupić|title=Godišnjica Nikole Čupića|volume=34-36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3BIAAAAYAAJ|year=1921|publisher=Štampa Državne štamparije Kraljevine Jugoslavije|page=36|quote=Натпис нам, даље, изрично каже, да је Кулиновој жени било име Војислава.}} with whom he had two sons:

Stephen Kulinić, the following Ban of Bosnia
A son that went with the Pope's emissaries in 1203 to explain heresy accusations against Kulin

File:Spomenik_Kulinu_banu_Banja_Luka.jpg, with an inscribed charter of the Kulin ban from 1189.]]

Legacy and folklore

As a founder of first de facto independent Bosnian state, Kulin was and still is highly regarded among Bosnians.{{cite news|title=Dan kada je Kulin ban napisao Povelju|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/dan-kada-je-kulin-ban-napisao-povelju|access-date=12 April 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera Balkans|date=29 August 2012|language=bs}} Even today Kulin's era is regarded as one of the most prosperous historical eras, not just for Bosnian medieval state and its feudal lords, but for the common people as well, whose lasting memory of those times is kept in Bosnian folklore, like an old folk proverb with significant meaning: "Od kulina Bana i dobrijeh dana" ("{{langx|en|Since Kulin Ban and those good old days}}").

Accordingly, in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, many streets and town squares, as well as cultural institutions, and non-governmental organizations, bear Kulin's name, while numerous culturally significant events, manifestation, festivals and anniversaries are held in celebration of his life and deeds.{{cite web|title=Manifestacija "Od Kulina bana i dobrijeh dana"|url=http://www.rtvze.ba/manifestacija-od-kulina-bana-i-dobrijeh-dana/|website=rtvze.ba|publisher=RTVZE|access-date=12 April 2017|language=bs|date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413155239/http://www.rtvze.ba/manifestacija-od-kulina-bana-i-dobrijeh-dana/|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=ZENICA Prigodan kulturno-umjetnički program povodom godišnjice Povelje Kulina bana|url=http://www.avaz.ba/clanak/251996/16?url=clanak/251996/16|access-date=13 April 2017|agency=Avaz|publisher=avaz.ba|language=bs}}