Banksia candolleana

Banksia candolleana is a many-branched shrub that typically grows to {{cvt|0.5-1.3|m}} high, up to {{cvt|2.5|m}} wide and forms a lignotuber. Its leaves are linear in outline, {{cvt|15-40|mm}} long and {{cvt|6-20|mm}} wide on a hairy petiole {{cvt|10-20|mm}} long. The leaves are shiny green with deep triangular lobes on the margins. The flower spikes are arranged in oval spikes {{cvt|15-40|mm}} long and {{cvt|55-75|mm}} wide on short side branches. The flowers are golden yellow with a perianth {{cvt|20-27|mm}} long and a curved pistil {{cvt|25-35|mm}} long. Flowering occurs from April to July and usually up to five curved, egg-shaped follicles {{cvt|20-65|mm}} long, {{cvt|25-50|mm}} high, {{cvt|17-35|mm}} wide and surrounded by the old flowers form on each spike.{{cite book|last=George|first=Alex S.|author-link=Alex George (botanist)|title=The Banksia Book|edition=3rd|year=1996|publisher=Kangaroo Press|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales|isbn=0-86417-818-2|pages=110–12}}{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Alex S. |title=Flora of Australia |volume=17B |date=1999 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra |location=Canberra |pages=201–203 |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/6d8c5c3b-8545-437e-b9b3-944ac95ee07a/files/flora-australia-17b-proteaceae-3-hakea-dryandra.pdf |access-date=10 April 2020}}{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Alex S. |title=The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) |journal=Nuytsia |date=1981 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=333–335 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/223763#page/99/mode/1up |access-date=11 April 2020}}

Banksia candolleana was first formally described in 1855 by the Swiss botanist Carl Meissner in William Jackson Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany from specimens collected by James Drummond.{{cite web|title=Banksia candolleana|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/536815|publisher=APNI|access-date=10 April 2020}}{{cite journal |last1=Meissner |first1=Carl |last2=Hooker |first2=William Jackson |title=New Proteaceae of Australia |journal=Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany |date=1855 |volume=7 |pages=118–119 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6325#page/120/mode/1up |access-date=11 April 2020}} The specific epithet honours Meissner's countryman Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.

In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L.f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera candolleana.{{cite book |last=Kuntze |first=Otto |authorlink=Otto Kuntze |title=Revisio generum plantarum |volume=2 |publisher=Arthur Felix |location=Leipzig |year=1891 |pages=581–582 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4004}} This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries,{{cite journal |last1=Rehder |first1=A. |authorlink1=Alfred Rehder |last2=Weatherby |first2=C. A. |authorlink2=Charles Alfred Weatherby |last3=Mansfeld |first3=R. |authorlink3=Rudolf Mansfeld |last4=Green |first4=M. L. |authorlink4=Mary Letitia Green |title=Conservation of Later Generic Homonyms |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) |year=1935 |volume=1935 |issue=6/9 |page=368 |doi=10.2307/4107078 |jstor=4107078}} and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940.{{cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. |authorlink=Thomas Archibald Sprague |title=Additional Nomina Generica Conservanda (Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae) |journal=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=1940 |volume=1940 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/4111642 |jstor=4111642 |page=99}}

Propellor banksia is found from Arrowsmith south to Gingin on sandplains north of Perth where it usually grows in low kwongan and the annual rainfall is {{cvt|600–700|mm}}.

Banksia candolleana regenerates from a woody lignotuber after bushfire. Some large shrubs have been estimated at 1,000 years old.{{cite journal|first1=Tianhua |last1=He |first2=Byron B. |last2=Lamont | author-link2=Byron Lamont | first3=Katherine S. |last3=Downes|date=2011|title=Banksia born to burn|journal=New Phytologist|doi= 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x|doi-access=free }} The white-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis granulipes) has been recorded visiting flowerheads, though whether it is an effective pollinator is unknown.{{cite journal | author = Goldingay, Ross L. | year = 2000 | title = Small Dasyurid Marsupials – are they Effective Pollinators? | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 597–606|doi=10.1071/ZO00015}} Ants and bees, including the European honeybee, have been recorded visiting flower spikes.{{The Banksia Atlas}} pp. 72–73.

Banksia candolleana is slow growing in cultivation and may take up to 10 years to flower from seed. It grows readily in well-drained soils in Mediterranean climates, but does not do well in climates of higher humidity on the east coast of Australia. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 22 to 35 days to germinate.{{cite book | editor-last1 = Sweedman | editor-first1 = Luke | editor-last2 = Merritt | editor-first2 = David | year = 2006 | title = Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology | url = https://archive.org/details/australianseedsg00auth | url-access = limited | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 0-643-09298-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/australianseedsg00auth/page/n218 202]}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia Candolleana|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia Candolleana}}

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candolleana

Category:Endemic flora of Western Australia

Category:Eudicots of Western Australia

Category:Plants described in 1855

Category:Taxa named by Carl Meissner