Barbara Rubin

Barbara Rubin grew up in the Cambria Heights neighborhood of Queens, New York City. In the spring of 1963, she was hired by Jonas Mekas to work for the Film-Makers' Cooperative, a non-profit organization co-founded by several artists to distribute avant-garde films.{{cite journal|last1=Belasco|first1=Daniel|title=Barbara Rubin: The Vanished Prodigy|journal=Art Signal|date=May 2007|pages=44–49|url=http://kaganof.com/kagablog/2011/11/20/104/|access-date=February 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204081540/http://kaganof.com/kagablog/2011/11/20/104/|archive-date=December 4, 2018|url-status=usurped}} The cooperative was frequented by many notable artists, including Robert Frank, Allen Ginsberg, Salvador Dalí, Ron Rice, Jerry Jofen, Jack Smith,{{cite web|last1=Mekas|first1=Jonas|author-link=Jonas Mekas|title=Video of Jonas Mekas talking about Barbara Rubin, Part 1|url=http://www.webofstories.com/play/jonas.mekas/83|website=Web of Stories}} and Andy Warhol.{{cite web|last1=Mekas|author-link=Jonas Mekas|first1=Jonas|title=The Jonas Mekas Interview|url=http://planetgroupentertainment.squarespace.com/the-jonas-mekas-interview/|website=PlanetGroupEntertainment}} Rubin soon became indispensable to Mekas, organizing local and international events. "Her contributions are so many and different," Mekas said in 2003. "....Her life story still has to be written because she was very, I think, important."{{cite web|last1=Mekas|first1=Jonas|author-link=Jonas Mekas|title=Video of Jonas Mekas talking about Barbara Rubin, Part 2|url=http://www.webofstories.com/play/jonas.mekas/84 |website=Web of Stories}}

Originally titled Cocks and Cunts, Christmas on Earth features several painted and masked performers engaging in a variety of gay and straight sexual acts. The film's two separate black-and-white reels are projected simultaneously, one inside the other, with color filters placed on the projector lens, and, originally, an ad hoc soundtrack of contemporary rock radio. Performers included, among others, the underground star Gerard Malanga.{{cite book|last1=Osterweil|first1=Ara|last2=Blaetz|first2=Robin |title=Women's Experimental Cinema: Critical Frameworks|date=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822340447|chapter=Absently Enchanted: The Apocryphal, Ecstatic Cinema of Barbara Rubin|pages=127–151|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8Wj-XgOMdAC&q=christmas+on+earth+naomi&pg=PA132 }} The short film was inspired by Jack Smith's Flaming Creatures,{{cite web|last1=Hoberman|first1=J|author-link=J. Hoberman|title=Barbara Rubin and 'Christmas on Earth'|url=http://www.nybooks.com/events/barbara-rubin-and-christmas-earth/|website=The New York Review of Books}} over which Rubin clashed with censors alongside Mekas and P. Adams Sitney.{{cite book|author=Ed Sanders|author-link=Ed Sanders|title=Fug You: An Informal History of the Peace Eye Bookstore, the Fuck You Press, the Fugs, and Counterculture in the Lower East Side|year=2011|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0306818882|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTBhfe7SwyYC&q=barbara+rubin+filmmaker&pg=PA76}}{{cite book|last1=Siegel|first1=Marc|last2=Holmlund|first2=Chris|title=Between the Sheets, in the Streets: Queer, Lesbian, and Gay Documentary|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816627752/page/91 91]|isbn=9781452901312|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816627752|url-access=registration|quote=p. adams sitney barbara rubin.|date=1997 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press}} Rubin's use of superimposition, and her decision to slice the original footage into "dynamic fragments," may have been influenced by the films of Jerry Jofen and Gregory Markopoulos.

Rubin, only 18 when she began filming in 1963,Most sources say Rubin was 17 or 18 when she made the film; she turned 18 in 1963, the year the film is commonly believed to have been made, and her birth date is unknown. Rubin's friend, Rosebud Feliu Pettet, wrote (in an email dated September 21, 2014) that some of the filming for Christmas on Earth was done in 1964, and the final version may not have been completed until early 1965. shot the film using a borrowed 16mm Bolex camera, in New York City, in the Ludlow Street apartment of John Cale and Tony Conrad. The title derives from Arthur Rimbaud's "Morning" from the extended poem A Season in Hell.

The film has been described by critics as "among the most radical ever made";{{cite web|last1=Klarl|first1=Joseph|title=Barbara Rubin: Christmas on Earth|url=http://www.brooklynrail.org/2013/02/artseen/barbara-rubin-christmas-on-earth|website=The Brooklyn Rail|date=February 5, 2013 }} "far and away the most sexually explicit film produced by the pre-porn underground"; and "an essential document of queer and feminist cinema."

Due to its explicit nature, the New York City police tried to suppress the film;{{cite journal|last1=Stevenson|first1=Jack|title=From the Bedroom to the Bijou: A Secret History of American Gay Sex Cinema|journal=Film Quarterly|date=1997|volume=51|issue=1|page=28|doi=10.2307/1213528 |jstor=1213528}} for a time during the mid-1960s Rubin habitually carried her one copy around with her for safekeeping. Allen Ginsberg was so impressed by Christmas on Earth he initiated an affair with Rubin after seeing it for the first time. Jonas Mekas praised it in Film Culture: "The first shock changes into silence then is transposed into amazement. We have seldom seen such down-to-body beauty, so real as only beauty (man) can be: terrible beauty that man, that woman is..."{{cite web|last1=Osterweil|first1=Ara|title=Queer Coupling, or The Stain of the Bearded Woman|year=2010|url=http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf|website=araosterweil.com|publisher=Wayne State University Press|access-date=September 18, 2014|archive-date=October 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020065346/http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf|url-status=dead}} Others have dismissed the film as amateurish, and filmmaker Ken Jacobs called it "dreck."

After only a few screenings in the sixties, Rubin asked Mekas to destroy the film; instead, he shelved it. Years later she had another change of heart and gave him permission to screen it. "Since 1983, it has been screened regularly," wrote Johan Kugelberg, "and is slowly but steadily taking its place in the canon of 1960s underground films and cultural milestones that unraveled American censorship law and opened the field for artistic studies of sexual narratives."

Rubin, according to Andy Warhol, "was one of the first people to get multimedia interest going around New York."{{cite book|last1=Warhol|first1=Andy|author-link=Andy Warhol|last2=Hackett|first2=Pat|title=POPism: The Warhol Sixties|year=1980|publisher=Mariner Books|isbn=9780156729604|page=[https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s00warho/page/143 143]|url=https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s00warho/page/143}} Although young, she had been working with Mekas for some time when she met Warhol, and brought ideas and experience to their collaboration. Christopher Mele wrote, "Experimental filmmakers Barbara Rubin and Andy Warhol utilized technologies such as multiple screens, slides, and projectors, and integrated other media, such as sculpture, music, and lighting to create a total experience that varied each night."{{cite book|last1=Mele|first1=Christopher|title=Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City|year=2000|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816631827|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sewf0r5An-wC&q=%22Barbara+Rubin%22&pg=PA162 }}

In 1965 Rubin was the subject of one of Warhol's Screen Tests (filmed by Gerard Malanga). That same year she appeared in Piero Heliczer's underground film, Dirt, with Warhol, Edie Sedgwick, and others.{{cite web|last1=Raworth |first1=Tom |title=Piero Heliczer Web Page |url=http://tomraworth.com/pierosite/ph.html |website=tomraworth.com |access-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412010055/http://tomraworth.com/pierosite/ph.html |archive-date=April 12, 2014 }} She also appeared in Heliczer's Venus in Furs, along with the Velvet Underground, and was included in a CBS news segment about the film titled "The Making of an Underground Film."{{cite book|last1=Unterberger|first1=Richie|author-link=Richie Unterberger|title=White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day by Day|publisher=Jawbone Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-906002-22-0|quote=Venus in Furs...also stars Barbara Rubin (as a nun)....Rubin can be seen impishly filming the television crew while they in turn film Heliczer.

}} More famously, it was Rubin who first introduced the Velvet Underground to Warhol, through Malanga, in December 1965.{{cite book|last1=Bockris|first1=Victor|author-link=Victor Bockris|title=Transformer: The Lou Reed Story|year=1995|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-684-80366-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformerlour000bock/page/102 102]|url=https://archive.org/details/transformerlour000bock/page/102}}According to Gerard Malanga, the Bockris book's account of the introduction gets a few details wrong in regard to who was present in the Café Bizarre on which night. Also, according to Rosebud Pettet, Rubin made the introduction at Pettet's urging. All the sources seem to agree on one thing, however: It was Barbara Rubin who arranged the introduction.

A few weeks later, Rubin took part in a headline-making Warhol performance at a psychiatrists' convention:

:On January 13, 1966, Warhol was invited to be the evening's entertainment at the NY Society for Clinical Psychiatry's forty-third annual dinner, held at Delmonico's Hotel. Bursting into the room with a camera, as the Velvet Underground acoustically tortured the guests and Gerard Malanga and Edie Sedgwick performed the "whip dance" in the background, Rubin taunted the attending psychiatrists. Casting blinding lights in their faces, Rubin hurled derogatory questions at the esteemed members of the medical profession, including: "What does her vagina feel like? Is his penis big enough? Do you eat her out?" As the horrified guests began to leave, Rubin continued her interrogation: "Why are you getting embarrassed? You're a psychiatrist; you're not supposed to get embarrassed." The following day the NY Times reported on the event; their chosen headline, "Shock treatment for psychiatrists," reveals the extent to which Rubin's guerrilla tactics had inverted the sanctioned relationship between patient and doctor, expert and amateur.

::—Ara Osterweil

Later that year Rubin, dressed as a nun,{{cite web|last1=Hoberman|first1=J.|author-link=J. Hoberman|title=Barbara Rubin: An Angel on Canal Street|url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/moviejournal/2012/12/19/barbara-rubin-an-angel-on-canal-street/|date=December 19, 2012|website=Blouin Artinfo}} projected Christmas on Earth onto the performing Velvet Underground as part of Andy Warhol Up-Tight and the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performances, accompanying the EPI on the road.

More than just a filmmaker, Rubin was known for her dynamic personality and her knack for artistic matchmaking. It was Rubin who organized the International Poetry Incarnation at the Albert Hall in London in 1965{{cite web|last1=Hale|first1=Peter|title=Barbara Rubin (1945–1980)|url=http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.com/2014/03/barbara-rubin-1945-1980.html|date=March 31, 2014|website=The Allen Ginsberg Project}} and in 1967 persuaded Allen Ginsberg to buy the East Hill Farm as a haven for poets.{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Gordon|title=East Hill Farm: Seasons With Allen Ginsberg|year=2011|publisher=Counterpoint|isbn=978-1582437767}} She helped nurse her friend Bob Dylan back to health after his motorcycle accident in 1966, and appears on the back cover of his album Bringing It All Back Home. She organized a two-week multimedia festival, "Caterpillar Changes," at the Filmmakers Cinematheque in 1967, in which films by Harry Smith, Shirley Clarke, Storm de Hirsch and others were projected onto torn sheets and through hanging streamers.{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Gordon|title=66 Frames|year=1999|publisher=Coffee House Press|isbn=9781566890823|pages=[https://archive.org/details/66frames00gord/page/156 156–160]|url=https://archive.org/details/66frames00gord/page/156}} "Barbara was the moving force and coordinator between us all," Lou Reed said in a 2012 interview.According to the Boo-Hooray gallery (in an email dated September 8, 2014), "That quote was delivered directly to Johan Kugelberg by Lou Reed over the telephone. Our publication is its first appearance in print." Ed Sanders, in his review of Gordon Ball's memoir, 66 Frames, called her "the legendary Barbara Rubin, who wandered the era pollinating across the film, poetry, folk-rock, and peacemaking scenes."{{cite web|last1=Sanders|first1=Ed|author-link=Ed Sanders|title=Review of '66 Frames'|url=https://www.amazon.ca/66-Frames-Gordon-Ball/dp/product-description/1566890829|website=Amazon}}

By the early 1970s, Rubin was twice married. The first marriage, to Mordechai Levy, was an arranged one and ended in divorce. The second was to Isaac Besancon, a French painter and follower of the mystical teachings of Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav. Rubin and Besancon first lived in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in a small community of newly-observant artists that included filmmaker and collagist Jerry Jofen and his wife, Ellen Gordon. Rubin later moved with her husband to a religious community in the South of France in 1973.{{Cite news|url=https://thewalrus.ca/the-sophisticate-and-the-simple-ones/|title=The Sophisticate and the Simple Ones|work=The Walrus|access-date=October 4, 2017|language=en-CA}} She died of a postnatal infection in France in 1980 after giving birth to her fifth child. She was 35.

Directed:

• Christmas on Earth (1963)
• Emunah (1972)

Appears in:

• Chumlum (Ron Rice, 1963)
• Dirt (Piero Heliczer, 1965)
• Venus in Furs (Piero Heliczer, 1965)
• Screen Test (Andy Warhol, 1965)
• Walden (Jonas Mekas, 1969)
• Birth of a Nation (Jonas Mekas, 1997)
• To Barbara Rubin with Love (Jonas Mekas, 2007)
• Scenes from the Life of Andy Warhol 1963–1990 (Jonas Mekas, 1982)

Barbara Rubin and the Exploding NY Underground, a biographical documentary about Rubin directed by Chuck Smith, was released in 2018.{{cite web |website=NowToronto.com |title=Hot Docs review: Barbara Rubin And The Exploding NY Underground |date=April 20, 2018 |last1=Wilner |first1=Norman |url=https://nowtoronto.com/movies/reviews/barbara-rubin-chuck-smith-hot-docs/}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{IMDb name|id=0748010|name=Barbara Rubin}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOwpr8ZSEPA Clip from Christmas on Earth]
• [https://thegenealogyofstyle.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/barbara-rubin-poster1-butterfly.jpg?w=730 Poster for "Caterpillar Changes" festival]
• [http://jonasmekas.com/40/film.php?film=32 To Barbara Rubin With Love], a video by Jonas Mekas
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140614041743/http://boo-hooray.com/exhibits/christmas-on-earth "Christmas on Earth: Barbara Rubin", an exhibit curated by Johan Kugelberg and Jonas Mekas, December 18 – January 15, 2013]
• [http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf "Queer Coupling, or The Stain of the Bearded Woman" by Ara Osterweil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020065346/http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf |date=October 20, 2014 }}
• [http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561483489/RubinAbsentlyEnchanted.pdf "Absently Enchanted: The Apocryphal, Ecstatic Cinema of Barbara Rubin" by Ara Osterweil]
• [https://www.scribd.com/doc/104545507/Embodying-the-Spectator-Barbara-Rubin-s-Christmas-on-Earth-and-the-Pornographic-Avant-Garde "Embodying the Spectator – Barbara Rubin's 'Christmas on Earth' and the Pornographic Avant-Garde" by Charles Tuck]
• [https://hyperallergic.com/470897/three-new-documentaries-chronicle-the-careers-of-game-changing-new-york-artists/], a write-up and review of the film "Barbara Rubin & the Exploding NY Underground" by Chuck Smith

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Category:1945 births

Category:1980 deaths

Category:American women experimental filmmakers

Category:Infectious disease deaths in France

Category:People from Cambria Heights, Queens

Category:Performance art in New York City

Category:Date of birth missing

Category:Date of death missing

Category:American experimental filmmakers