Bartonella

Bartonella species have been infecting humans for thousands of years, as demonstrated by Bartonella quintana DNA in a 4000-year-old tooth.{{cite journal |vauthors=Drancourt M, Tran-Hung L, Courtin J, Lumley H, Raoult D | title = Bartonella quintana in a 4000-year-old human tooth | journal = J. Infect. Dis. | volume = 191 | issue = 4 | pages = 607–11 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15655785 | doi = 10.1086/427041| doi-access = free }} The genus is named for Alberto Leonardo Barton Thompson (1871–October 26, 1950), a Peruvian scientist.{{cite journal |date=June 2008 |title=etymologia: Bartonella henselae |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=980 |doi=10.3201/eid1406.080980 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=2600307}}

Though some studies have found "no definitive evidence of transmission by a tick to a vertebrate host,"{{cite journal |vauthors=Angelakis E, Billeter SA, Breitschwerdt EB, Chomel BB, Raoult D |title=Potential for tick-borne bartonellosis |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=385–91 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20202411 |doi=10.3201/eid1603.091685 |pmc=3322042}}{{cite journal |author1=Telford SR III |author2 = Wormser GP |title=Bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=379–84 |date=March 2010 |pmid= 20202410 |doi=10.3201/eid1603.090443 |pmc=3322007}} Bartonella species are well-known to be transmissible to both animals and humans through various other vectors, such as fleas, lice, and sand flies.{{cite journal |vauthors=Billeter SA, Levy MG, Chomel BB, Breitschwerdt EB |title=Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission |journal=Med Vet Entomol |volume=22 |issue=1 | pages=1–15 |date=Mar 2008 |pmid=18380649 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x|doi-access=free }}Vilcins I, Kosoy M, Old JM, Deane EM (2009). Bartonella-like DNA detected in Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodida) infesting koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Victoria, Australia. Vector-Borne & Zoonotic Diseases. 9(5), 499-503. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0132 Bartonella bacteria are associated with cat-scratch disease, but a study in 2010 concluded, "Clinicians should be aware that ... a history of an animal scratch or bite is not necessary for disease transmission."{{cite journal |vauthors=Mosbacher M, Elliott SP, Shehab Z, Pinnas JL, Klotz JH, Klotz SA |title=Cat scratch disease and arthropod vectors: more to it than a scratch? |journal=J Am Board Fam Med |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=685–6 |date=Sep–Oct 2010 |pmid=20823366 |doi=10.3122/jabfm.2010.05.100025|doi-access=free }} All current Bartonella species identified in canines are human pathogens.{{cite journal |vauthors=Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB |title=Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=3 | pages=389–94 |date=Mar 2006 |pmid=16704774 |doi=10.3201/eid1203.050931 |pmc=3291446}}

Bartonella infections are remarkable in the wide range of symptoms they can produce. The course of the diseases (acute or chronic) and the underlying pathologies are highly variable.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, Maguina C, Dolan MJ, Raoult D | title = Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species | journal = Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 1921–33 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15155180 | doi = 10.1128/AAC.48.6.1921-1933.2004 | pmc = 415619}}

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Treatment is dependent on which species or strain of Bartonella is found in a given patient. While Bartonella species are susceptible to a number of standard antibiotics in vitro—macrolides and tetracycline, for example—the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in immunocompetent individuals is uncertain. Immunocompromised patients should be treated with antibiotics because they are particularly susceptible to systemic disease and bacteremia. Drugs of particular effectiveness include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampin; B. henselae is generally resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, and nafcillin.

Homeless intravenous drug users are at high risk for Bartonella infections, particularly B. elizabethae. B. elizabethae seropositivity rates in this population range from 12.5% in Los Angeles,{{cite journal | author = Smith HM | title = Prevalence study of antibody to ratborne pathogens and other agents among patients using a free clinic in downtown Los Angeles | journal = J. Infect. Dis. | volume = 186 | issue = 11 | pages = 1673–6 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12447746 | doi =10.1086/345377 | author2 = Reporter R | author3 = Rood MP | display-authors = 3 | last4 = Linscott | first4 = Andrea J. | last5 = Mascola | first5 = Laurene M. | last6 = Hogrefe | first6 = Wayne | last7 = Purcell | first7 = Robert H. | doi-access = free }} to 33% in Baltimore, Maryland,{{cite journal |vauthors=Comer JA, Flynn C, Regnery RL, Vlahov D, Childs JE | title = Antibodies to Bartonella species in inner-city intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Md | journal = Arch. Intern. Med. | volume = 156 | issue = 21 | pages = 2491–5 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8944742 | doi =10.1001/archinte.156.21.2491 }} 46% in New York City,{{cite journal |vauthors=Comer JA, Diaz T, Vlahov D, Monterroso E, Childs JE | title = Evidence of rodent-associated Bartonella and Rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from Central and East Harlem, New York City | journal = Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages = 855–60 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11791987 | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.855| doi-access = | s2cid = 22138835 }} and 39% in Sweden.{{cite journal |vauthors=McGill S, Hjelm E, Rajs J, Lindquist O, Friman G | title = Bartonella spp. antibodies in forensic samples from Swedish heroin addicts | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 990 | issue = 1| pages = 409–13 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12860665 | doi =10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07402.x | bibcode = 2003NYASA.990..409M | s2cid = 22712706 }}

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hördt A, García López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Schleuning M, Weinhold LM, Tindall BJ, Gronow A, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Göker M | year = 2020 | title = Analysis of 1,000+ Type-Strain Genomes Substantially Improves Taxonomic Classification of Alphaproteobacteria | journal = Front. Microbiol. | volume = 11 | pages = 468 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00468| pmid = 32373076 | pmc=7179689 | doi-access = free }}

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|1={{clade

|label1=Bartonella

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella apis

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella ancashensis

|2=Bartonella bacilliformis

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|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella schoenbuchensis

|2=Bartonella bovis

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|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella rochalimae

|2=Bartonella clarridgeiae

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|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella doshiae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella senegalensis

|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella koehlerae

|2=Bartonella henselae

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|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella grahamii

|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella elizabethae

|2=Bartonella tribocorum

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|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Bartonella birtlesii

|2=Bartonella florencae

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|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella alsatica

|2={{clade

|1=Bartonella rattaustraliani

|2=Bartonella vinsonii

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}}

}}

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|label2=outgroup

|2=Brucellaceae

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://patricbrc.org/view/Taxonomy/773#view_tab=overview Bartonella] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
• [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090106145006.htm New Bartonella Species That Infects Humans Discovered]

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Category:Bartonellaceae

Category:Bacteria genera

Category:Tropical diseases

Category:Pathogenic bacteria