Basidiolichen

Basidiolichen mycobionts consist of 172 known species (0.9% of the total number of accepted lichen species) across 15 genera, 5 families, and 5 orders within the class Agaricomycetes in the fungal division Basidiomycota.{{Cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |date=2017-01-03 |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-bryologist/volume-119/issue-4/0007-2745-119.4.361/The-2016-classification-of-lichenized-fungi-in-the-Ascomycota-and/10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361.full |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361 |issn=0007-2745|url-access=subscription }} The majority of described basidiolichen mycobionts belong to the genus Cora, followed by the genera Dictyonema and Multiclavula. Other genera include Acantholichen, Arrhenia, Athelia, Athelopsis, Corella, Cyphellostereum, Ertzia, Lepidostroma, Lichenomphalia, Marchandiomphalina, Semiomphalina, and Sulzbacheromyces.{{Citation |last=Oberwinkler |first=F. |title=16 Basidiolichens |date=2012 |work=Fungal Associations |pages=341–362 |editor-last=Hock |editor-first=Bertold |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_16 |access-date=2024-09-17 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_16 |isbn=978-3-642-30826-0|url-access=subscription }} The species Marasmiellus affixus is suggested to be yet another lichen-forming basidiomycete,{{Cite journal |last1=Dennis |first1=R. W. G. |last2=Singer |first2=R. |date=1973 |title=The Genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the Neotropics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3758379 |journal=Mycologia |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=382 |doi=10.2307/3758379 |jstor=3758379 |issn=0027-5514|url-access=subscription }} but this has yet to be proven.{{Cite web |title=Marasmiellus affixus - Lichen Case Studies |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/marasmiellus-affixus.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.anbg.gov.au |language=en}} As a distinction, many basidiomycetes are lichenicolous and exclusively inhabit their host lichens;Diederich, Paul; Millanes, Ana M.; Wedin, Mats; Lawrey, James D. (20 August 2022). [https://ps.mnhn.lu/pub/FloraLichenicolousFungi1.pdf Flora of Lichenicolous Fungi. Basidiomycota] (PDF). Vol. 1. Luxembourg: National Museum of Natural History. p. 351. {{ISBN|978-2-919877-26-3}}. these interactions, however, are secondary to the mutualistic mycobiont-photobiont interaction that determines more directly whether a lichen is considered an ascolichen or basidiolichen.

Basidiolichen photobionts are less described but are known to belong to the cyanobacterial genera Scytonema and Rhizonema and to the algal genera Coccomyxa (class Trebouxiophyceae) and Bracteacoccus (class Chlorophyceae).{{Cite journal |last=Hodkinson |first=Brendan P. |last2=Moncada |first2=Bibiana |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |date=2014 |title=Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13225-013-0267-0 |journal=Fungal Diversity |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=165–179 |doi=10.1007/s13225-013-0267-0 |issn=1560-2745|url-access=subscription }}

While localized primarily in the tropical and montane environments of Central and South America, specimens of the basidiolichen genus Cora have also been identified in the South Atlantic, Africa, and Asia.{{Cite journal |last=Moncada |first=Bibiana |last2=Pérez-Pérez |first2=Rosa Emilia |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |date=2019-12-01 |title=The lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) in Mexico: high species richness, multiple colonization events, and high endemism |url=https://pfsyst.botany.pl/The-lichenized-genus-Cora-Basidiomycota-Hygrophoraceae-nin-Mexico-high-species-richness,120097,0,2.html |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=393–411 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0026 |issn=2657-5000|doi-access=free }}

In arctic, alpine, and temperate forests, the most common basidiolichens are in the agaric genus Lichenomphalia{{cite web |title=Lichenomphalia umbellifera. photo - cvcc photos at pbase.com |url=http://www.pbase.com/cvcc/image/58989351&gcmd=add_comment |accessdate=2009-01-12 |format=}} (including former members of Omphalina or Gerronema) and the clavarioid genus Multiclavula.{{cite web |title=Multiclavula corynoides |url=http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Mcorynoides.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223041903/http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Mcorynoides.html |archivedate=23 December 2008 |accessdate=2009-01-12}} Several lichenized genera occur in tropical regions, the most common being the foliose Dictyonema.

The interactions between mycobionts and photobionts in basidiolichens occur primarily at the level of the thallus. In basidiolichens of the genera Acantholichen, Cora, and Dictyonema, photobionts may be penetrated by hyphal tips called haustoria and thereby assimilated into the complete lichen thallus. In some Lepidostroma species, the hyphal tips may develop into flattened appressoria to interact with the photobiont. In species of Athelia, Athelopsis, Cyphellostereum, Lepidostroma, and especially Multiclavula, the association takes the form of globular photobiont clusters ensheathed by fungal hyphae.

Basidiolichen genera within the family Hygrophoraceae possess a variety of basidiocarp structures. Within the genus Cora, fruiting bodies are often lobed and may be glabrous (smooth and glossy) or setose (bristly), ranging in color from green to white. Basidiolichens of the genus Lichenomphalia are more agaricoid (mushroom-like) in appearance, possessing a funnel-shaped cap, stalk, and gills. Members of Cyphellostereum form small white fan-like basidiocarps. The genus Multiclavula of the family Clavulinaceae as well as the genera within the family Lepidostromataceae are characterized by their clavarioid (erect, club-shaped, sometimes branching) fruiting bodies. The genus Marchandiomphalina of the family Corticiaceae comprises only one species, the corticoid (crust-like) basidiolichen M. foliacea. Its lack of conspicuous basidiocarps is a quality shared also by the two basidiolichen species of the family Atheliaceae.

The lichen species Cora glabrata has been reported to produce a hemagglutinating lectin{{Cite journal |last1=Elifio |first1=Selene L. |last2=De Lourdes C. C. Da Silva |first2=Maria |last3=Iacomini |first3=Marcello |last4=Gorin |first4=Philip A. J. |date=2000-11-27 |title=A lectin from the lichenized Basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00758.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=327–334 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00758.x |bibcode=2000NewPh.148..327E |issn=0028-646X}} as well as various polysaccharides, including a unique (1→6)-linked β-D-mannan.{{Cite journal |last=Carbonero |first=E |date=2002-01-10 |title=A (1→6)-linked β-mannopyrananan, pseudonigeran, and a (1→4)-linked β-xylan, isolated from the lichenised basidiomycete Dictyonema glabratum |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00506-7 |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=206 |issue=2 |pages=175–178 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1097(01)00506-7|doi-broken-date=3 December 2024 |url-access=subscription }}

Tentative chemical analyses suggest that the newly described Dictyonema huaorani produces the psychedelic psilocybin.{{Cite journal |last1=Schmull |first1=Michaela |last2=Dal-Forno |first2=Manuela |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |last4=Cao |first4=Shugeng |last5=Clardy |first5=Jon |last6=Lawrey |first6=James D |date=2014 |title=Dictyonema huaorani (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), a new lichenized basidiomycete from Amazonian Ecuador with presumed hallucinogenic properties |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386 |journal=The Bryologist |language=en |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=386–394 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386 |issn=0007-2745|url-access=subscription }} The basidiolichen was previously reported to have been used in the Ecuadorian Amazon by Huaorani shamans to call upon evil spirits and curse people.{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=E. Wade |last2=Yost |first2=James A. |date=1983 |title=Novel Hallucinogens from Eastern Ecuador |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41762852 |journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.5962/p.168664 |jstor=41762852 |issn=0006-8098|doi-access=free }}

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702121847/http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/R155469.HTM BioImages] Several photos of Lichenomphalia umbellifera
• [https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/DE97D37D-D1B2-4F99-AB84-8B5213EF2B31 New Zealand Fungi] Images of Lichenomphalia alpina and its synonyms
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012202417/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/botany/botany_sites/ticolichen/images.html The Field Museum] Photos of several lichens, including Dictyonema

Category:Agaricales

Category:Fungal morphology and anatomy

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