Login
Login

Basque–Icelandic pidgin

{{Short description|17th-century Basque-based pidgin}}

{{cleanup lang|date=March 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Basque–Icelandic pidgin

| altname =

| region = Iceland, Atlantic

| era = 17th century

| ref =

| familycolor = pidgin

| family = Basque-based pidgin

| iso3 = none

| glotto = icel1248

| glottoname = Icelandic–Basque Pidgin

| glotto2 = basq1251

| glottoname2 = Basque Nautical Pidgin

| map = Vestfirðir.png

| mapcaption = Westfjords, the Icelandic region that produced the manuscript containing the Basque–Icelandic pidgin

| ethnicity = Basques, Icelanders

| linglist = qbi

}}

The Basque–Icelandic pidgin ({{langx|eu|Euskoislandiera, Islandiera-euskara pidgina}}; {{langx|is|Basknesk-íslenskt blendingsmál}}) was a Basque-based pidgin spoken in Iceland during the 17th century. It consisted of Basque, Germanic, and Romance words.{{Cite web |last=Elorriaga |first=Irune |date=2024-09-17 |title=El pidgin vasco-islandés, la lengua de los balleneros vascos |url=https://www.ondacero.es/emisoras/pais-vasco/noticias/pidgin-vascoislandes-lengua-balleneros-vascos_2024091766e9698ffcf7b3000137322f.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=OndaCero |language=es}}

Basque whale hunters who sailed to the Icelandic Westfjords used the pidgin as a means of rudimentary communication with locals.{{sfn|Miglio|p=2|2008}} It might have developed in Westfjords, where manuscripts were written in the language, but since it had influences from many other European languages, it is more likely that it was created elsewhere and brought to Iceland by Basque sailors.{{sfn|Guðmundsson|1979}} Basque entries are mixed with words from Dutch, English, French, German and Spanish. The Basque–Icelandic pidgin is therefore not a mixture of Basque and Icelandic, but between Basque and other languages. It was so named because it was written in Iceland and translated into Icelandic.{{sfn|Bakker|Bilbao|Deen|Hualde|1991}}

Only a few manuscripts have been found containing Basque–Icelandic glossary, and knowledge of the pidgin is limited.

Basque whalers in Iceland

{{Multiple images

| image1 = Blason de Guéthary.svg

| image2 = Escudo de Ondarroa 2000.svg

| footer = Whaling, long an important industry in the Basque Country, is shown on the shields of the villages of Getaria, France (top), Ondarroa (middle) and Getaria, Spain (bottom).

| direction = vertical

| image3 = Escudo de Getaria.svg

}}

Basque whalers were among the first to catch whales commercially; they spread to the far parts of the North Atlantic and even reached Brazil. They started coming to Iceland around the year 1600.{{Citation|last1=Edvardsson|title=Basque whaling around Iceland: archeological investigation in Strákatangi, Steingrímsfjörður|url=http://www.galdrasyning.is/baskarnir.pdf|year=2006|last2=Rafnsson|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125200217/http://www.galdrasyning.is/baskarnir.pdf|url-status=dead}} In 1615, after becoming shipwrecked and getting into a conflict with the locals, some Basque sailors were massacred in an event that would be known as the Slaying of the Spaniards. Basques continued to sail to Iceland, but for the second half of the 17th century French and Spanish whalers are more often mentioned in Icelandic sources.

History of the glossaries

Only a few anonymous glossaries have been found. Two of them were found among the documents of 18th century scholar Jón Ólafsson of Grunnavík, titled:

  • Vocabula Gallica ("French words"). Written during the latter part of the 17th century, a total of 16 pages containing 517 words and short sentences, and 46 numerals.{{sfn|Miglio|p=1|2008}}{{cite web |title=AM 987 4to / Vocabula Gallica. Basque-Icelandic Glossary |url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/am-987-4to |website=Árnastofnun |publisher=Árnastofnun / The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=is}}
  • Vocabula Biscaica ("Biscayan (Basque) words"). A copy written during the 18th century by Jón Ólafsson, the original is lost. It contains a total of 229 words and short sentences, and 49 numerals. This glossary contains several pidgin words and phrases.{{sfn|Miglio|p=2|2008}}{{cite web |title=AM 987 4to / Vocabula Biscaica. Basque-Icelandic Glossary |url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/am-987-4to-0 |website=Árnastofnun |publisher=Árnastofnun / The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=is}}

These manuscripts were found in the mid-1920s by the Icelandic philologist Jón Helgason in the Arnamagnæan Collection at the University of Copenhagen. He copied the glossaries, translated the Icelandic words into German and sent the copies to professor C. C. Uhlenbeck at Leiden University in the Netherlands. Uhlenbeck had expertise in Basque, but since he retired from the university in 1926, he gave the glossaries to his post-graduate student Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik Deen. Deen consulted with the Basque scholar Julio de Urquijo, and in 1937, Deen published his doctoral thesis on the Basque–Icelandic glossaries. It was titled Glossaria duo vasco-islandica and written in Latin, though most of the phrases of the glossaries were also translated into German and Spanish.{{sfn|Guðmundsson|1979}}

In 1986, Jón Ólafsson's manuscripts were brought back from Denmark to Iceland.{{Cite web

|last=Knörr

|first=Henrike

|year=2007

|access-date=13 May 2012

|title=Basque Fishermen in Iceland Bilingual vocabularies in the 17th and 18th centuries

|url=http://www.euskosare.org/euskara/basque_fishermen_iceland_bilingual_vocabularies_17_18_centuries

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501170612/http://www.euskosare.org/euskara/basque_fishermen_iceland_bilingual_vocabularies_17_18_centuries

|archive-date=1 May 2012

}}

The manuscript with the glossaries (University of Iceland):{{cite web |title=Basknesk-íslensk orðasöfn / Basque-Icelandic glossaries |url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/basknesk-islensk-ordasofn |website=Árnastofnun |publisher=Árnastofnun / The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=is}}

Basque-Icelandic pidgin Deen 17 40 22 467000.jpeg

Basque-Icelandic pidgin Deen 17 40 14 552000.jpeg

Basque-Icelandic pidgin Deen 17 40 07 688000.jpeg

Basque-Icelandic pidgin Deen.jpeg

There is also evidence of a third contemporary Basque–Icelandic glossary. In a letter, the Icelandic linguist Sveinbjörn Egilsson mentioned a document with two pages containing "funny words and glosses"{{efn|The two pages can be seen [https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/js-284-8vo here.]|name=|group=}}{{sfn|Miglio|2008}} and he copied eleven examples of them. The glossary itself has been lost, but the letter is still preserved at the National Library of Iceland. There is no pidgin element in the examples he copies.{{sfn|Guðmundsson|1979}}

= The fourth glossary =

A fourth Basque–Icelandic glossary was found at the Houghton Library at Harvard University. It had been collected by the German historian Konrad von Maurer when he visited Iceland in 1858, the manuscript is from the late 18th century or the early 19th century.{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio}} The glossary was discovered around 2008,{{sfn|Miglio|2008|p=36}} the original owner had not identified the manuscript as containing Basque text.{{Cite web

|last=Belluzzo

|first=Nicholas

|year=2007

|access-date=13 May 2012

|title=Viola Miglio and Ricardo Etxepare - 'A new Basque - Icelandic glossary of the 17th century.'

|url=http://www.euskosare.org/komunitateak/ikertzaileak/ehmg/7/viola_miglio_and_ricardo_etxepare_-_a

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505121657/http://www.euskosare.org/komunitateak/ikertzaileak/ehmg/7/viola_miglio_and_ricardo_etxepare_-_a

|archive-date=5 May 2012

}} Only two of the pages contain Basque–Icelandic glossary; the material surrounding includes unrelated items such as instructions about magic and casting love spells. It is clear that the copyist was not aware that they were copying Basque glossary, as the text has the heading "A few Latin glosses".{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio}} Many of the entries are corrupted or wrong, seemingly made by someone not used to writing. A large number of the entries are not a part of Deen's glossary, and so the manuscript is thought to be a copy of an unknown Basque–Icelandic glossary. A total of 68 words and phrases can be discerned, but with some uncertainty.{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio}}

Pidgin phrases

The manuscript Vocabula Biscaica contains the following phrases which contain a pidgin element:{{sfn|Deen|1937|pp=102–105}}

class="wikitable"

!Basque glossary

!Modern BasqueFrom the Basque Wikipedia and the French Wikipedia.{{better source|date=March 2019}}{{circular reference|date=November 2020}}

!Icelandic glossary

!Standard Icelandic orthography

!English translation{{efn|Based on the Icelandic text, which differs in some places from the Basque equivalents.|name=english_note}}

!Word number{{efn|In Jón Ólafsson's manuscript.|name=jon}}

{{lang|crp-IS|Presenta for mi}}{{lang|eu|Emaidazu}}{{lang|crp-IS|Giefdu mier}}{{lang|is|Gefðu mér}}Give me

|193 & 225

{{lang|crp-IS|Bocata for mi attora}}{{lang|eu|Garbitu iezaidazu atorra}}{{lang|crp-IS|Þvodu fyrer mig skyrtu}}{{lang|is|Þvoðu fyrir mig skyrtu}}Wash a shirt for me

|196

{{lang|crp-IS|Fenicha for ju}}{{Lang|eu|Izorra hadi!}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Liggia þig}}{{Lang|is|Liggja þig}}Fuck you!{{efn|The phrases {{lang|crp-IS|fenicha for ju}} - {{lang|is|liggia þig}} were among the few entries in the glossaries that Deen did not translate to German or Spanish in his doctoral thesis. Instead he wrote {{lang|la|cum te coire}} 'to sleep with you' in Latin.{{sfn|Deen|1937|p=103}} However, Miglio believes that the phrase rather should be understood as an insult.{{sfn|Miglio|2008|p=10}}}}

|209

{{Lang|crp-IS|Presenta for mi locaria}}{{Lang|eu|Emaizkidazu lokarriak}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Giefdu mier socka bond}}{{Lang|is|Gefðu mér sokkabönd}}Give me garters

|216

{{Lang|crp-IS|Ser ju presenta for mi}}{{Lang|eu|Zer emango didazu?}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Hvad gefur þu mier}}{{Lang|is|Hvað gefur þú mér?}}What do you give me?

|217

{{Lang|crp-IS|For mi presenta for ju biskusa eta sagarduna}}{{Lang|eu|Bizkotxoa eta sagardoa emango dizkizut}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Eg skal gefa þier braudkoku og Syrdryck}}{{Lang|is|Ég skal gefa þér brauðköku og súrdrykk}}I will give you a biscuit and a sour drink{{efn|The Basque word sagarduna means 'cider', but the Icelandic word syrdryck means 'sour drink'.}}

|218

{{Lang|crp-IS|Trucka cammisola}}{{Lang|eu|Jertse bat erosi}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Kaufftu peisu}}{{Lang|is|Kauptu peysu}}Buy a sweater

|219

{{Lang|crp-IS|Sumbatt galsardia for}}{{Lang|eu|Zenbat galtzerdietarako?}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Fyrer hvad marga socka}}{{Lang|is|Fyrir hvað marga sokka?}}For how many socks?

|220

{{Lang|crp-IS|Cavinit trucka for mi}}{{Lang|eu|Ez dut ezer erosiko}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Eckert kaupe eg}}Ekkert kaupi égI buy nothing

|223

{{Lang|crp-IS|Christ Maria presenta for mi Balia, for mi, presenta for ju bustana}}{{Lang|eu|Kristok eta Mariak balea ematen badidate, buztana emango dizut}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Gefe Christur og Maria mier hval, skal jeg gefa þier spordenn}}{{Lang|is|Gefi Kristur og María mér hval, skal ég gefa þér sporðinn}}If Christ and Mary give me a whale, I will give you the tail

|224

{{Lang|crp-IS|For ju mala gissuna}}{{Lang|eu|Gizon gaiztoa zara}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Þu ert vondur madur}}{{Lang|is|Þú ert vondur maður}}You are an evil man

|226

{{Lang|crp-IS|Presenta for mi berrua usnia eta berria bura}}{{Lang|eu|Emadazu esne beroa eta gurin berria}}{{Lang|crp-IS|Gefdu mier heita miölk og nyt smior}}{{Lang|is|Gefðu mér heita mjólk og nýtt smjör}}Give me hot milk and new butter

|227

{{Lang|crp-IS|Ser travala for ju}}{{Lang|eu|Zertan egiten duzu lan?}}{{Lang|is|Hvað gjörir þú?}}What do you do?

|228

A majority of these words are of Basque origin:

  • atorra, atorra 'shirt'
  • balia, balea 'baleen whale'
  • berria, berria 'new'
  • berrua, beroa 'warm'
  • biskusa, (Lapurdian) loan word {{lang|eu-FR|bizkoxa}} 'biscuit', nowadays meaning gâteau Basque (cf. Spanish {{Wikt-lang|es|bizcocho}}, ultimately from Medieval Latin {{wikt-lang|la|biscoctus}})
  • bocata{{efn|Deen suggests that bocata is bokhetatu with the Spanish translation {{lang|es|colar}} 'sieve', 'percolate' or 'pass'. The Icelandic equivalent is þvodu 'wash!'.{{sfn|Deen|1937|p=102}}}}
  • bustana, buztana 'tail'
  • eta, eta 'and'
  • galsardia, galtzerdia 'the sock'
  • gissuna, gizona 'the man'
  • locaria, lokarria 'the tie/lace(s)'
  • sagarduna, sagardoa 'the cider'
  • ser, zer 'what'
  • sumbatt, zenbat 'how many'
  • travala, old Basque trabaillatu, related to French and Spanish trabajar 'to work'
  • usnia, esnea 'the milk'
  • bura, 'butter', from Basque Lapurdian loan word {{Lang|eu|burra}}{{efn|The loan word {{lang|eu-FR|burra}} is documented in the Northern Basque Country Basque-language written tradition since the mid-17th century.{{Cite book|author-link = Koldo Mitxelena|last = Mitxelena|first = Koldo|url=http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=413&catid=228|title=Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia|year= 2005|publisher=Euskaltzaindia|access-date=23 October 2012}}}} (cf. French {{lang|fr|beurre}}, Italian {{lang|it|burro}} and Occitan {{lang|oc|burre}})

Some of the words are of Germanic origin:

  • cavinit, old Dutch equivalent of modern German {{Lang|de|gar nichts}} 'nothing at all'{{sfn|Miglio|2008}} or Low German {{Lang|nds|kein bit niet}} 'not a bit'{{sfn|Hualde|2014}}
  • for in the sentence sumbatt galsardia for could be derived from many different Germanic languages{{sfn|Deen|1937|p=104}}
  • for mi, English 'for me' (used both as subject and object; 'I' and 'me') or Low German '{{Lang|nds|för mi}}'
  • for ju, English 'for you' (used both as subject and object) or Low German '{{Lang|nds|för ju}}'

And others come from the Romance languages:

  • cammisola, Spanish {{Lang|es|camisola}} 'shirt'
  • fenicha, Spanish {{Lang|es|fornicar}} 'to fornicate'
  • mala, French or Spanish {{Lang|fr|mal}} 'bad' or 'evil'
  • trucka, Spanish {{Lang|es|trocar}} 'to exchange'{{efn|Could also be derived from Basque trukea 'the exchange'.{{sfn|Deen|1937|p=103}}}}

All nouns and adjectives in the pidgin are marked with Basque's definite article suffix -a, even in cases for which the suffix would be ungrammatical in Basque. The order of nouns and adjectives is also reversed. For example, pidgin berrua usnia ('warm milk-DET') versus Basque {{Lang|eu|esne beroa}} ('milk warm-DET').{{cite book |title=Pidgins and Creoles : an introduction |date=1995 |publisher=J. Benjamins |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9789027252364 |page=32}}

Although there are quite a few Spanish and French words listed in the glossaries, this is not a sign of the pidgin language, but rather a result of French and Spanish influence on the Basque language throughout the ages, since Basque has taken many loan words from its neighbouring languages.{{sfn|Hualde|2014}} Furthermore, many of the people in the Basque crews that came to Iceland might have been multilingual, speaking French and/or Spanish as well. That would explain for example why the Icelandic {{lang|is|ja}} 'yes' is translated with both Basque {{lang|eu|bai}} and French {{lang|fr-IS|vÿ}} (modern spelling {{lang|fr|oui}}) at the end of {{lang|la|Vocabula Biscaica}}.{{sfn|Deen|1937|p=101}}Miglio 2006, p. 200.{{full citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Other examples

These examples are from the recently discovered Harvard manuscript:{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio|p=282}}

class="wikitable"

|+

!Basque glossary

!Correct 17th century Basque

!Icelandic glossary

!Standard Icelandic orthography

!English translation

{{Lang|crp-IS|Nola dai fussu}}

|{{Lang|eu|Nola deitzen zara zu?}}

|hvad heitir þu

|{{Lang|is|Hvað heitir þú?}}

|What's your name?

{{Lang|crp-IS|Jndasu edam}}

|{{Lang|eu|Indazu eda-te-ra}}

|gief mier ad drecka

|Gef mér að drekka

|Give me (something) to drink

{{Lang|crp-IS|Jndasu jaterra}}

|Indazu ja-te-ra

|gief mier ad eta

|Gef mér að eta

|Give me (something) to eat

{{Lang|crp-IS|Jndasunirj}}

|Indazu niri

|syndu mier

|Sýndu mér

|Show me

{{Lang|crp-IS|Huna Temin}}

|Hunat jin

|kom þu hingad

|Kom þú hingað

|Come here

{{Lang|crp-IS|Balja}}

|Balea

|hvalur

|hvalur

|A whale

Chatucumia

|katakume{{efn|In modern Basque.}}

|kietlingur

|kettlingur

|A kitten

{{Lang|crp-IS|Bai}}

|Bai

|ja

|já

|Yes

{{Lang|crp-IS|Es}}

|Ez

|nei

|nei

|No

The first phrase, nola dai fussu ("What's your name?"), might be written with standardized (but ungrammatical) Basque as "{{Lang|eu|Nola deitu zu?}}".{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio|p=286}} That is a morphologically simplified construction of the correct Basque sentence "{{Lang|eu|Nola deitzen zara zu?}}".{{sfn|Etxepare|Miglio|p=305}}

A section in Vocabula Biscaica goes over a few obscenities:

class="wikitable"

|+

!Basque glossary

!Icelandic glossary

!English translation

!Word number{{efn|name=jon}}

Sickutta Samaria

|serda merina

|go fuck a horse

|211

gianzu caca

|jettu skÿt

|eat shit

|212

caca hiarinsat

|et þu skÿt ur rasse

|eat shit from an asshole

|213

jet sat

|kuss þu ä rass

|kiss [my] ass

|214

See also

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Peter|date=1987|title=A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of FU|journal=Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–30|doi=10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak|issn=0920-9034}}
  • {{Cite journal|last1=Bakker|first1=Peter|first2=Gidor|last2=Bilbao|last3=Deen|first3=Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik|last4=Hualde|first4=Jose Ignacio|year=1991|title=Basque Pidgins in Iceland and Canada|volume=23|journal=Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"|publisher=Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa|language=eu|url=http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/download/8889/8063|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503134121/http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/download/8889/8063|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-05-03}}
  • {{Cite thesis|last=Deen|first=Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik|title=Glossaria duo vasco-islandica|year=1937|degree=Doctoral|language=la}} Re-printed in 1991 in [http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/download/8223/7385 Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo Vol. 25, Nº. 2, pp. 321–426] (in Basque). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180430102135/http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/download/8223/7385 Archived] on 2019-03-01.
  • {{Citation|last1=Etxepare|first1=Ricardo|title=A Fourth Basque-Icelandic Glossary|url=https://www.academia.edu/28579385|last2=Miglio|first2=Viola Giula|date=|format=PDF}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Guðmundsson|first=Helgi|url=http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=5400044|title=Um þrjú basknesk-íslenzk orðasöfn frá 17. öld|place=Reykjavík|publisher=Íslenskt mál og almenn málfræði|year=1979|pages=75–87|language=is}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Pidgins and creoles|last=Holm|first=John A.|date=1988–1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521249805|series=Cambridge Languages Surveys|pages=628–630|oclc=16468410}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Hualde|first=José Ignacio|date=1984|title=Icelandic Basque pidgin|url=http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/viewFile/9366/8594|format=PDF|journal=Journal of Basque Studies in America|volume=5|pages=41–59}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Hualde|first=José Ignacio|date=2014|title=Basque Words|url=https://journals.openedition.org/lapurdum/2472?lang=en#text|journal=Lapurdum|language=en|issue=18|pages=7–21|doi=10.4000/lapurdum.2472|issn=1273-3830|doi-access=free}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Miglio|first=Viola Giula|year=2008|url=http://violagmiglio.net/Violas_Site/Papers_files/shag-a-horse-J002.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808183314/http://violagmiglio.net/Violas_Site/Papers_files/shag-a-horse-J002.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-08|journal=Journal of the North Atlantic|volume=I|pages=25–36|title="Go shag a horse!": The 17th-18th century Basque-Icelandic glossaries revisited|doi=10.3721/071010|s2cid=162196883}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Yraola|first=Aitor|date=1983|others=Translated by Sigrún Á. Eíríksdóttir|title=Um baskneska fiskimenn á Norður-Atlantshafi|url=http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?gegnirId=000585289|url-status=live|journal=Saga|language=is|volume=21|pages=27–38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301183750/http://timarit.is/pdf/Um%20baskneska%20fiskimenn%20%C3%A1%20Nor%C3%B0ur-Atlantshafi.pdf?gegnirId=000585289|archive-date=1 March 2019}}

= Manuscripts =

  • {{Citation|ref=vocabula_gallica|title=Vocabula Gallica (French words)|url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/am-987-4to}} – Written in the latter part of the 17th century, a total of 16 pages. A part of Jón Ólafsson's manuscript "AM 987 4to".
  • {{Citation|ref=vocabula_biscaica|title=Vocabula Biscaica (Basque words)|url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/am-987-4to-0}} – A copy written in the 18th century by Jón Ólafsson, a total of 10 pages. A part of his manuscript "AM 987 4to".
  • {{Citation|ref=the_harvard_manuscript|title=The Harvard Manuscript|url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/ms-icelandic-3}} – Two pages, a part of the manuscript "MS Icelandic 3" which contains 145 sheets.

Further reading

  • {{cite journal|last=Miglio|first=Viola Giula|year=2008|url=http://violagmiglio.net/Violas_Site/Papers_files/shag-a-horse-J002.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808183314/http://violagmiglio.net/Violas_Site/Papers_files/shag-a-horse-J002.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-08|journal=Journal of the North Atlantic|volume=I|pages=25–36|title="Go shag a horse!": The 17th-18th century Basque-Icelandic glossaries revisited|doi=10.3721/071010|s2cid=162196883|ref=none}}
  • {{Citation|last1=Etxepare|first1=Ricardo|title=A Fourth Basque-Icelandic Glossary|url=https://www.academia.edu/28579385|last2=Miglio|first2=Viola Giula|date=|format=PDF|ref=none}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basque-Icelandic pidgin}}

Category:Basque diaspora in North America

Category:Basque language

Category:Languages of Iceland

Category:17th century in France

Category:17th century in Spain

Category:University of Copenhagen

Category:Extinct languages of Europe

Category:Basque-based pidgins and creoles

Category:Languages attested from the 17th century

Category:Languages extinct in the 17th century