Battery electric multiple unit#United States

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File:Railcar at Milton of Crathes (geograph 1821382).jpg

Experiments with accumulator railcars, as they were originally called, were conducted from around 1890 in Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy. Full implementation of battery trains were undertaken with various degrees of success. In the U.S., railcars of the Edison-Beach type, with nickel-iron batteries were used from 1911. In New Zealand, a battery-electric Edison railcar with a range of {{cvt|160|km|mi}} operated from 1926 to 1934 on the {{cvt|34|km|mi}} long Little River Branch line. The Drumm nickel-zinc battery was used on four 2-car sets between 1932 and 1946 on the Harcourt Street Line in Ireland. British Railways used lead-acid batteries in a British Rail BEMU from 1958 to 1966 on the 38 mile long Aberdeen to Ballater line in Scotland. The BEMU was a success, but decommissioned as the line was closed. A BEMU has been restored operating as a shunting train until proper battery charging facilities are built. In Germany between 1955 and 1995 Deutsche Bahn railways successfully operated 232 DB Class ETA 150 railcars utilising lead-acid batteries.

{{main|Supercapacitor}}

File:THZ 004 Pass thru Whompoa Chung.jpg in Guangzhou]]

A number of tramway manufacturers are offering battery tramcars that combine the traction battery with a supercapacitor that will be charged at each stop. The main motivation for the usage of battery-powered tramways is to avoid railway electrification system installation. Using boost charging at each stop allows to lower the size of the required traction battery. This technology is hoped to be transferred to full trains.

The CAF Urbos 3 tramways was ordered for the Seville MetroCentro with the Acumulador de Carga Rápida system which uses short overhead wires at each stop for charging. The Seville trams have been operating since Easter 2011.{{cite web|url=http://www.diariodesevilla.es/article/sevilla/656857/las/catenarias/seran/desmontadas/este/fin/semana/cara/la/semana/santa.html|title=Las catenarias del Metrocentro serán desmontadas este fin de semana de cara a la Semana Santa|first=Diario de|last=Sevilla|date=18 March 2010|access-date=10 December 2016}}

Siemens three car trams are to be used for Education City in Doha, the capital of Qatar.{{cite news | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/qatars-first-education-city-tram-rolls-out.html | title=Qatar's first Education City tram rolls out| date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Railway Gazette International}}[http://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2012/infrastructure-cities/rail-systems/2012-08-avenio.php?content Qatar Foundation to get turnkey tram system from Siemens] Siemens website, 30 July 2012 The network opened in 2010.{{Cite web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/projects-and-planning/convertible-trams-enter-service-as-msheireb-downtown-doha-tramway-opens/55529.article|title=Convertible trams enter service as Msheireb Downtown Doha tramway opens}} No overhead wires were installed, as the 10 Avenio trams will be powered by the Siemens Sitras HES system (Hybrid Energy Storage), a combination of a supercapacitor and a traction battery that are charged at each stop through an overhead conductor rail.{{cite magazine | url=http://www.ihr-emagazin.de/eMags/eb_2012/eb_8_9_2012/files/assets/basic-html/page12.html|title=Bahnen auf dem neuesten Stand|magazine=Elektrische Bahnen |date=2012|language=de}}{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2012/infrastructure-cities/rail-systems/icrl201207010.htm|title=Press Releases|access-date=10 December 2016}}

A Combino tramway using four car tramsets equipped with the Sitras HES system has been in regular service from Almada to Seixal, Portugal, since November 2008. It is capable of running up to distances of {{convert|2,500|m|yd}} without overhead wires.{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2009/mobility/imo200903024.htm|title=Press Releases|access-date=10 December 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/?press=/en/presspicture/2009/mobility/soimo20090303-02.htm|title=Press Pictures|access-date=10 December 2016}}

A number of catenary-free tramways have opened in China that recharge at tram stops and terminals. The {{cvt|20.3|km|mi}} Huai'an tram line in China, opened in February 2016. The line is entirely catenary-free utilising battery-powered trams supplied by CRRC Zhuzhou which recharge at tram stops.{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/raising-the-baar-for-battery-powered-trains.html|title=Raising the Baar for battery-powered trains|first=Ankur|last=Saxena|access-date=10 December 2016}}

File:Byron Bay Solar Powered Train.jpg in Byron Bay, Australia]]

The Byron Bay Train service in Byron Bay, New South Wales operates a heritage 600 class railcar. The railcar was formerly diesel powered which was operational from 1949 to 1994. The railcar had the diesel equipment stripped out with electric traction motors fitted, being converted to solar power using a battery set to store solar generated energy from the cars' roof panels. The solar train came into operational use on a formerly disused section of line through Byron Bay in 2017. It is believed to be the world's first solar-powered train.{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/gold-coast/volunteers-to-drive-byron-bays-solar-train-possibly-within-weeks/news-story/9dd2806f898a5ae725f4e95a250f2bd4|title=World's first true solar train to run through Byron Bay|last=Affleck|first=John|date=2 August 2017|website=Gold Coast Bulletin}}{{Cite news|url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/world-first-solar-train-about-to-be-launched-in-byron-bay-93544/|title=World-first "solar train" about to be launched in Byron Bay|date=27 October 2017|work=RenewEconomy|access-date=29 October 2017}}

CAF Urbos 3 supercapacitor powered trams operate on the Newcastle Light Rail network with trams being recharged at each stop. The Canberra and Parramatta light rail networks are also planning to introduce battery powered CAF Urbos 3 vehicles on their networks. They will operate on battery power on select parts of their networks.{{cite news |last1=Maddocks |first1=Tom |title=Canberra's light rail extension to be wireless despite 'significant' retro-fitting cost |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-18/canberra-light-rail-2a-to-be-wireless-despite-cost-increase/11974872 |access-date=30 December 2020 |agency=ABC News Australia |publisher=ABC News Australia |date=18 February 2020}}

The Austrian Federal Railways has purchased 189 Siemens Desiro ML trains from 2013 to 2020. One of these trains was converted to a battery electric multiple unit and branded as cityjet eco. The battery-electric version of the Siemens train is equipped to operate with batteries and overhead wires, with a battery only range of {{cvt|80|km|mi}} reaching a maximum speed of {{cvt|100|km/h|mph}} in battery mode. The trains are to be tested on regional and suburban rail lines on electrified and unelectrified track. The test services began in September 2019 on the Kamp Valley line between Horn and St. Pölten.{{Cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/fleet/obb-battery-electric-train-to-carry-passengers-next-month/|title = ÖBB battery-electric train to carry passengers next month|date = 28 August 2019}}

File: Edison Storage Battery Train LCCN2014690923.jpg

In 1912, the {{interlanguage link|United Railways of Havana|de}} ordered a battery railcar by Thomas Edison and Ralph H. Beach.{{Cite journal

|journal=The Cuba Review

|title=New Cars for Havana.

|url=https://archive.org/details/cubarevie10muns/page/n469/mode/2up

|date=October 1912

|pages=24

}}

From the end of 2020, Stadler FLIRT Akku battery trains will be trialled on two lines, the {{cvt|25|km|mi}} Helsingør to Hillerød line in Northern Sjælland, and the {{cvt|18|km|mi}} Lemvig line in Northwestern Julland.{{Cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/denmark-trial-battery-operated-trains/|title=Denmark to trial battery-operated trains on two railway lines|date=2 December 2019 }} The trains will be operational in 2024.{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jonathan Spencer |date=2022-05-09 |title=First battery powered trains for Denmark |url=https://www.enlit.world/decarbonisation/first-battery-powered-trains-for-denmark/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Enlit World |language=en-GB}}

In January 2021, Bombardier signed a new contract to retrofit and introduce a pre-series of five AGC battery-operated trains by 2023, in collaboration with SNCF and five French regions including Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Hauts-de-France, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Occitanie and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The 5 AGC trains will be modified into battery-operated to help decarbonise French rail transport. The idea is to convert dual-mode (catenary and diesel-powered) high capacity self-propelled trains to dual-mode battery-powered AGCs. This project offers a proof of concept and a way forward to eliminating diesel trains by 2035, a target set by the French government and SNCF.{{cite web|url=https://rail.bombardier.com/en/about-us/worldwide-presence/united-states/en.html/bombardier/news/stories/2021/agc-battery-train-innovation-for-a-sustainable-future/en|language = English| title =AGC battery train: innovating a sustainable future | date = 27 January 2021| website=bombardier.com/en}}

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In 1887, the first German accumulator railcars were placed in service by the Royal Bavarian State Railways.

Pre-Second World War classes ETA 177 to 180. The post-war DB Class ETA 176 (later 517) and finally ended with DB Class ETA 150 (later 515). The latter were used until 1995 having been since modernised into the Nokia ETA, painted light grey and green and deployed onto the so-called Nokia Railway (timetable number RB 46), nowadays the Glückauf-Bahn from Gelsenkirchen via Wanne-Eickel to Bochum.

In July 2019, Schleswig-Holstein rail authority NAH.SH awarded Stadler a €600m order for 55 battery-powered Flirt Akku multiple unit trains along with maintenance for 30 years. The trains, which offer {{cvt|150|km|mi}} of battery range, will start entering service in 2022 replacing DMUs on non-electrified routes.{{cite news|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/battery-answer-to-schleswig-holsteins-diesel-replacement-question.html|title=Battery answer to Schleswig-Holstein's diesel replacement question|date=2 July 2019|publisher=Railway Gazette}}

The five routes of: Offenburg to Freudenstadt/Hornberg, Offenburg to Bad Griesbach, Offenburg to Achern, Achern to Ottenhöfen and Biberach (Baden) to Oberharmersbach-Riersbach started to operate from April 2024 on electrified and unelectrified track, the 120 seat Siemens Mireo Plus B battery-powered/overhead power line trains. On only battery operation the trains have a range of {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.electrive.com/2020/03/17/siemens-to-deliver-20-battery-electric-trains/|title = Siemens to deliver 20 battery-electric trains|date = 17 March 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurailpress.de/nachrichten/fahrzeuge-komponenten/detail/news/netz-ortenau-einsatz-der-batteriezuege-gestartet.html|title = Netz Ortenau: Einsatz der Batteriezüge gestartet|date = 8 April 2024}}

File:Ep-563.jpg]]

The New Athos Cave Railway in Abkhazia in the country of Georgia has three narrow-gauge power-concentrated battery electric multiple units built by the Railroad Machinery Plants of Riga in Latvia. Two Ep «Tourist» trains were built in 1975 and later modernized in 2005 and 2009, and the new Ep-563 train was built in 2014. Since 2014, this has been the only train in use. The first Ep train is based at Anakopea station for doubling the Ep 563 train in case of malfunction. Another Ep train is based at the depot.{{cite web| url=https://transphoto.org/list.php?did=2304| title=New Athos Metro| website=transphoto.ru |access-date=2020-04-19}} Each train consists of 6 cars, including 1 power car with driver's cab, motors and power equipment and 5 trailer cars for passengers (4 intermediate cars and 1 observation car in the end).{{cite web|url=https://spoki.lv/automoto/Unikalitate-it-visa-jeb/719930|title=Unikalitāte it visā jeb elektrovilciens Turist|date=September 2014 |publisher=Spoki|language=lv|access-date=2020-04-19}} Both models can run either on a third rail with 300 V DC or batteries with 240V DC being used for short unelectrified sections at switches without a third rail, and also at passenger stations where the third rail has no voltage for safety reasons.{{cite web|url=https://telegraf.bb.lv/vse-novosti/item/9158371-riga-postroila-poezd-dlya-abkhazii|title=Riga built a train for Abkhazia (video)|publisher=Telegraf.bb.lv|language=ru|access-date=2020-04-19}}

Between 1932 and 1949, two battery electric trains ran successfully between Dublin and Bray. Two additional trains were built and placed into service in 1939, also running until 1949. The train's batteries were charged at each terminus via an overhead pickup. The train could reach {{cvt|65|mph|km/h|disp=or}}, though service speeds were typically limited to {{cvt|41|mph|km/h|disp=or}}.

{{cite web|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/video/a-revolution-of-transport|title=A Revolution Of Transport|first=British|last=Pathé|access-date=10 December 2016}}

In 2019, Iarnród Éireann announced they would purchase 250 new carriages, with an option of up to 600, over a 10-year period, for use on the DART network. The order will consist of both electric multiple units and battery electric multiple units.{{Cite web|url=http://irl.eu-supply.com/app/rfq/publicpurchase_frameset.asp?PID=145130&B=ETENDERS_SIMPLE&PS=1&PP=ctm/Supplier/publictenders|title=eTender|last=Eireann|first=Iarnrod|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}{{Cite web|url=https://electrek.co/2019/05/27/ireland-600-electric-trains/|title=Irish Rail to add up to 600 electric trains for expanded green fleet|last=Dzikiy|first=Phil|date=2019-05-27|website=Electrek|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-28}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/plans-to-buy-600-electric-and-battery-electric-powered-carriages-over-10-years-1.3906238|title=Plans to buy 600 electric and battery-electric powered carriages over 10 years|last=O'Brien|first=Tim|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.98fm.com/news/electric-darts-irish-rail-863811|title=Every DART In Dublin Is Being Replaced With Brand New Trains|last=O'Loughlin|first=Brendan|website=www.98fm.com|access-date=2019-05-28}}

File:JRC N700 series Z28.jpg

The N700S train had battery backup introduced in June 2020. The batteries can power the train at low speed to the nearest station when power outages or other emergencies occur. The train operates on the Tokaido Shinkansen/Sanyo Shinkansen lines between Tokyo and Hakata.{{Cite web|url=https://electrek.co/2020/07/03/egeb-japan-bullet-train-li-ion-battery-self-propulsion-system-chargeup-europe/|title = EGEB: Japan's new bullet train has first li-ion battery self-propulsion system|date = 3 July 2020}}

In Japan, JR East tested a "NE Train Smart Denchi-kun" battery electric railcar from 2009. This vehicle is capable of operating either under 1,500 V DC overhead wires or on battery power alone for a distance of up to 50 km on tracks without an overhead power supply.{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2009/20091005.pdf|script-title=ja:「蓄電池駆動電車システム」の開発を進めています|trans-title=Development of battery-powered train system|date= 6 October 2009|work= JR East press release|publisher= East Japan Railway Company|location= Japan|language= ja|access-date= 6 November 2012}} The batteries can be charged via the pantograph while running on tracks with an overhead wires or at a specially built recharging facility at a station.{{Cite journal |last1=Sonoda |first1=Hideki |last2=Shibanuma |first2=Kenichi |last3=Hirose |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Yoshida |first4=Koji |title=Assessment of the Vehicle System in Catenary and Battery-powered Hybrid Railcar System |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/e/development/tech/pdf_23/Tec-23-17-20eng.pdf |url-status=live |journal=JR EAST Technical Review |edition=Special |issue=23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209050606/https://www.jreast.co.jp/e/development/tech/pdf_23/Tec-23-17-20eng.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-09}}

File:EV-E300-1 V1 at karasuyama station.JPG charging from the overhead conductor bar]]

From March 2014, JR East introduced the EV-E301 series, with 1,500 V DC overhead wire and battery power capability using a two-car battery electric multiple unit, into revenue-earning service on the {{Convert|20|km|abbr=on}} long non-electrified Karasuyama Line.{{cite web |url= http://railf.jp/news/2014/01/22/160000.html|title= EV-E301系「ACCUM」が甲種輸送される|trans-title=EV-E301 series "ACCUM" delivered|date= 22 March 2014|work= Japan Railfan Magazine Online|publisher= Koyusha Co., Ltd.|location= Japan|language= ja|access-date= 23 January 2014}}

Since March 4, 2017, battery electric trains have completely replaced diesel multiple units on this route. There are four two-car sets in operation, each set equipped with a 190 kWh lithium-ion battery.{{cite magazine| title = EV-E301系蓄電池駆動電車|trans-title=EV-E301 series battery EMU|magazine=Japan Railfan Magazine | volume = 54| issue = 638|pages=54–59| publisher = Koyusha Co., Ltd.| location = Japan | date = June 2014}}

The trains recharge their batteries at Karasuyama Station terminus via their pantographs, using a rigid conductor bar to facilitate rapid charging at 1,500V using power supplied by the local electric grid. At the other end, at Hōshakuji, the Karasuyama Line meets the electrified Tohoku Main Line in order to continue to Utsunomiya Station.

File:Train of Kashii Line at Kashii Station 14.jpg at Kashii Station]]

From April 2016, JR Kyushu started trial operation of a two-car BEC819 series BEMU trainset built by Hitachi, nicknamed "DENCHA", on part of the Chikuhō Main Line, with six more trains planned to be introduced on the line in spring 2017.{{cite web|url=http://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1601/29/news146.html|title=電気がない区間は蓄電池で走る 非電化区間の次世代車両「819系 DENCHA」、車両デザインをJR九州が発表|access-date=10 December 2016}} It can be powered via overhead AC power line or by using battery capacity of {{cvt|360|kWh|hph|lk=on}}. The trainset became operational on the through services on the Fukuhoku Yutaka Line which is electrified at 20 kV 60 Hz AC and the non-electrified Chikuhō Main Line, also known as the "Wakamatsu Line", between Orio and Wakamatsu on October 2016, .{{cite web|url= http://rail.hobidas.com/news/info/article/jr_dencha.html|script-title= ja: JR九州 架線式蓄電池電車"DENCHA"今秋デビュー|trans-title= JR Kyushu "DENCHA" battery train to debut this autumn|date= 29 January 2016|work= Tetsudo Hobidas|publisher= Neko Publishing Co., Ltd.|location= Japan|language= ja|access-date= 29 January 2016|archive-date= 2 October 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181002205847/http://rail.hobidas.com/news/info/article/jr_dencha.html|url-status= dead}}

In 2019, a total of 11 new BEC819 trainsets were introduced on the Kashii Line, replacing all diesel multiple units previously operated on that line.{{Cite press release|url=http://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/news/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2018/12/14/181214Newsrelease01.pdf|title=筑肥線「糸島高校前駅」が開業します。香椎線が快適に生まれ変わります。|publisher=九州旅客鉄道|date=2018-12-14|access-date=2018-12-15 }}{{Cite news|url=https://trafficnews.jp/post/82377|title=蓄電池電車「DENCHA」、非電化の香椎線に進出 JR九州|newspaper=乗りものニュース|date=2018-12-14|access-date=2018-12-15}}{{Cite news|url=https://this.kiji.is/445513125140268129|title=JR九州、蓄電池電車導入拡大へ|access-date=2018-12-13|date=2018-12-12|publisher=共同通信|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121007/https://this.kiji.is/445513125140268129|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=dead}} This brought the total number of BEC819 trainsets in revenue service to 18.

File:EV-E801 G1 train set at Akita 20190803a.jpg at Oiwake Station, Akita]]

A new EV-E801 series two-car BEMU train, also built by Hitachi, was introduced on the {{Convert|26.6|km|abbr=on}} long non-electrified Oga Line in Akita Prefecture in March 2017. It shares similar characteristics with the BEC819 trains as it uses a 360 kWh battery and is recharged from a 20 kV 50 Hz AC overhead supply.{{cite web |url= http://response.jp/article/2015/11/20/264656.html |script-title=ja: JR東日本、男鹿線に蓄電池電車「EV-E801系」導入へ|trans-title=JR East to introduce new EV-E801 series battery train on Oga Line|date= 20 November 2015|work= Response |publisher= IID, Inc.|location= Japan|language= ja|access-date= 21 November 2015}} As of March 2021, 6 trainsets have replaced all services on the Oga Line with through services to Akita on the Ōu Main Line.

In 2022, the Road Transport Administration (ATD), which organizes passenger carrier services in Latvia, announced a procurement for the construction and delivery of 9 BEMU sets, with an option for 7 more, until the end of 2026. Stadler, CAF and Škoda Transportation had applied for BEMU deliveries in the first part of the tender.{{cite web|url=https://www.atd.lv/lv/jaunumi/pirmaj%C4%81-konkursa-k%C4%81rt%C4%81-par-devi%C5%86u-jaunu-akumulatoru-bateriju-elektrovilcienu-pieg%C4%81di|title=Pirmajā konkursa kārtā par deviņu jaunu akumulatoru bateriju elektrovilcienu piegādi pieteikušies trīs kandidāti|publisher=Autotransporta Direkcija|language=lv|access-date=2022-10-04}} Seven of these trains will be used for the busiest unelectrified railway lines Rīga-Bolderāja and Rīga-Sigulda, with the other two being used on unelectrified routes such as Rīga-Dobele and Rīga-Jēkabpils. These trains will replace the currently-operating DR1A trains on these routes, while the operator remains to be decided by a future procurement.

File:379001 at Norwich 8 January 2011.jpg train (a Class 379) converted to run on batteries and overhead wires]]

Historically, a number of battery electric trains have been used on British railways. The British Rail BEMU was taken out of service because the line from Aberdeen to Ballater in Scotland was closed in 1966. The trains have been renovated being ready for reuse on the Royal Deeside Railway.{{Cite web|url=https://www.deeside-railway.co.uk/allstock.html|title = Rolling stock}} The British Rail Class 419, a Motor Luggage Van (MLV), was operational from 1959 to 2004, which could run on either on batteries or a third rail, being used for short unelectrified section on quaysides.

The United Kingdom has almost two-thirds, 58%, of the {{cvt|20,000|mi|km|adj=on}} rail network on non-electrified track, which consumes 103 million gallons (469 million litres) of diesel each year. Mark Carne of Network Rail, who are responsible for the tracks of the British rail network, in March 2017 stated: "The idea that you need to electrify an entire route is no longer necessarily the case. I think that where we have got hybrid trains, that opens up quite a lot of interesting opportunities for partial electrification." Carne also stated: "technology was advancing at such a pace that better reliability could be achieved without the construction of unsightly overhead cables." He added that developments in batteries are such that it might soon be cost-effective to swap diesel engines for battery or hybrid devices, therefore saving the vast cost of installing power lines above every section of track.{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/transport/article/run-trains-on-batteries-says-rail-boss-j0qwlxrmd|title=Run trains on batteries, says Network Rail boss|first=Graeme Paton, Transport|last=Correspondent|date=25 March 2017|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}

Companies such as UK based Hitachi, Vivarail and Bombardier have committed to or are producing battery-electric trains. These trains will be either new units or conversion of existing units, to fulfil the aims of Network Rail's introduction of battery powered trains.{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4017372/hitachi-rolls-forward-plans-uk-battery-trains|title = Hitachi rolls forward with plans for UK battery trains|date = 6 July 2020}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2019/10/01/bombardier-signs-100m-deal-make-uks-first-battery-powered-trains/|title = Bombardier signs €100m deal to make UK's first battery-powered trains|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = October 2019|last1 = Gill|first1 = Oliver}}

In January 2015 a one-month trial of a single Class 379 Electrostar fitted with lithium batteries began passenger operations on the Mayflower Line in Essex. The train travelled up to {{Convert|60|mi|km}} on energy stored in the batteries also recharging the batteries via the overhead-wires when on electrified sections of the line, at stations and via braking power regeneration.[http://www.globalrailnews.com/blog/2015/01/13/battery-train-trial-service-launched/ Battery train trial service launched] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123045943/http://www.globalrailnews.com/blog/2015/01/13/battery-train-trial-service-launched/ |date=2015-01-23 }} - Global Rail News. Retrieved 2015-01-14. Network Rail refer to this prototype model and its possible future descendants as Independently Powered Electric Multiple Units (IPEMU).{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/batteries-included-prototype-battery-powered-train-carries-passengers-for-first-time|title=Batteries included: Prototype battery-powered train carries passengers for first time|access-date=10 December 2016}}

A month after the trial in March 2015, the introduction of battery-powered trains was proposed by Network Rail for consideration for the fifteen station {{convert|27|mi|km}} long diesel operated Wrexham to Bidston, Borderlands Line.{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/long-term-planning-process/welsh-route-study/|title=Welsh route study - Long-term planning - Network Rail|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012102657/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/long-term-planning-process/welsh-route-study/|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}[http://www.borderlandsline.com/wp-content/uploads/borderlandsline-route.pdf] The aim is to merge the line into the electric 3rd rail Merseyrail Wirral Line extending into the underground section of Liverpool's city centre, making Wrexham one of the branch terminals of the line. The line is diesel train operated unable to progress into the electric 3rd rail underground Birkenhead and Liverpool Merseyrail tunnels & stations. If battery trains are introduced that capable of operating in the tunnels, the Borderlands line will be incorporated into the Wirral Line becoming an urban metro line between Liverpool and Wrexham.

The diesel operated trains on the slow Borderlands line terminate at Bidston railway station in Birkenhead, with passengers having to change trains onto the Merseyrail electric network to proceed into Liverpool's centre. Network Rail proposed using dual battery powered/3rd rail pickup rolling stock without full electrification of the line, providing a cheaper method of incorporating the line in the Wirral Line. The trains will only terminate at Wrexham, while at the Liverpool end of the line trains will proceed around the loop of the electrified Liverpool city centre underground tunnels with thirteen station stops. As the train proceeds on the looped electrified line from Bidston and back, the train's batteries are charged.

File:Class 777005 at Lime Street Low Level.jpg in 2023.]]

The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced in July 2021 that trials of a BEMU (IPEMU, independent power electric multiple unit) version their new Class 777 on the Merseyrail network had shown that they were capable of travelling up to {{convert|20|mi|km}} without a charge.{{cite web|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/battery-breakthrough-will-see-merseyrail-network-extended|title=Battery breakthrough will see Merseyrail network extended|date=15 July 2021 | website=Liverpool Business News}} The battery-electric version of the Class 777 would allow the possibility of Merseyrail services from Liverpool to Skelmersdale, Wrexham, Warrington and Runcorn, without full line electrification. Tests by Stadler achieved 135 km in range.{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-19 |title=New Merseyrail train runs 135km on battery |url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/new-merseyrail-train-runs-135km-on-battery/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Liverpool Business News |language=en-GB}}

In October 2023, the hybrid battery electric multiple units entered regular service on Merseyrail from Liverpool Central underground station terminating at Headbolt Lane interchange station. On the section of track from Kirkby to Headbolt Lane trains operate only on energy from onboard batteries.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=UK's first battery-powered fleet hits the tracks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-67011369 |access-date=2023-11-13}}

File:D-Train-203001-Approach-Honeybourne-P1410129.jpg

Vivarail have produced the Class 230 train which is converted from redundant London Underground D-Stock trains. A demonstrator unit, the two-car 230002, was fitted for diesel-electric- battery power. Vivarail developed a fast charger giving a {{cvt|100|mi|km|adj=on}} range with a 10 minutes recharging time. Power is provided by two lithium-ion batteries per car giving four per train, providing {{cvt|106|kWh|hph|lk=on}}, with an expected life of seven years for the batteries.{{Cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/vivarail-targets-summer-running-for-new-battery-unit|title = Vivarail targets summer running for new battery unit}}

In 2017, Vivarail battery trains were being considered for use on the Valley Lines network in South Wales. The trains would be battery powered, capable of being recharged via 25 kV OHLE.{{cite journal |date=December 2017 |title=Vivarail D-Trains for Wales & Borders? |journal=Today's Railways |issue=192 |pages=18 }} The Class 230 was introduced on the Borderlands line for Transport for Wales between Wrexham Central and Bidston interconnecting with Merseyrail into Liverpool. The trains run as diesel-Battery electric multiple units.

The Edison-Beach battery railcar was developed by Thomas Edison and Ralph H. Beach. The latter headed the Railway Storage Battery Car Company and the Electric Car & Locomotive Corp.{{cite web|url=http://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/list/bldr_list_E.htm|title=Railway Car Builders of North America|access-date=10 December 2016}} Car No. 105 of the Alaska Railroad was an Edison-Beach car,{{cite web|url=http://www.alaskarails.org/pix/ARR-picts-old-misc.html|title=Alaska Railroad Photographs|access-date=10 December 2016}} and examples operated on the Central Vermont Railway running between Millers Falls, Northfield and West Townshend.{{cite news |author= |title=Trial Trip Will Be Made On Friday |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86071593/1914-08-18/ed-1/seq-3/ |work=The Brattleboro Daily Reformer |location=Brattleboro, Vt. |date=August 18, 1914 |access-date=January 13, 2018 }} A notable feature of the Edison-Beach cars was the Beach drive system. Each wheel was mounted on ball bearings on a dead axle and was driven by an individual traction motor through gearing.Illingworth, T., Battery Traction on Tramways and Railways, Oakwood Press 1961, pp 15-16{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/railwaytimes102londuoft/page/392|title=Railway Times}}

In August 2023, Caltrain exercised an option order with Stadler, its rolling stock manufacturer, which included a single four-car BEMU trainset. This trainset will serve the line's southernmost stations once electrification of the central and northern stations has been completed. It is hoped that the successful demonstration of BEMU technology on the Caltrain line will provide insight into the feasibility of other potential BEMU implementations in the United States.{{cite press release |url=https://www.caltrain.com/news/caltrain-pilot-first-nation-bi-level-dual-electric-and-battery-powered-train-expand-zero |title=Caltrain to Pilot First-in-the-Nation Bi-Level Dual Electric and Battery Powered Train to Expand Zero-Emission Service |date=August 3, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board}}

In February 2024, Metra announced an order of 16 Stadler FLIRT Akku trainset for use on the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District. The new rolling stock is hoped to significantly increase frequency on the line, which has closely spaced stations.{{Cite web |title=Metra buying battery-powered trainsets {{!}} Metra |url=https://metra.com/newsroom/metra-buying-battery-powered-trainsets |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=metra.com}}

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• Battery locomotive
• British Rail Class 799, a fuel cell + battery hybrid
• Charging station
• Diesel multiple unit
• Electric multiple unit
• Electric vehicle battery
• Flywheel energy storage

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