Battle of Łomża (1939)

The Narew River formed a natural barrier close to the southern borders of East Prussia. The town of Łomża is located on the southern bank of the river, on a high escarpment. The lower, northern bank is mostly flat and swampy. During the 1939 invasion of Poland, the line of the river was manned by forces of Independent Operational Group Narew (SGO Narew), a corps-sized unit of two infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades. The Polish unit was tasked with defending the Narew river line with important bridgeheads at Różan, Ostrołęka, Osowiec Fortress, Nowogród, Łomża and Wizna, and to cover the right flank of the Modlin Army.{{sfn|Juszkiewicz|p=32}} The cavalry was tasked with organising delaying actions along the Polish-German border and the Biebrza River further to the north-east from Łomża.{{sfn|Kozłowski|pp=135-144}}

Among the most important positions in the region was a fortified bridgehead of Łomża, the so-called Łomża Fortress. The position, consisting of three large forts in Piątnica (Forts I, II and III), on the northern side of the Narew, and two additional isolated forts (Fort IV and V) on the southern bank, was constructed by Imperial Russian Army between 1896 and 1914. Although outdated and unsuitable for modern warfare, the forts in Piątnica were upgraded with trenches, barbed wire obstacles, chevaux de frise and 12 reinforced concrete bunkers in 1939.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} Similarly the southern bank around Łomża was reinforced with 9 more bunkers, though shortly before the war their machine guns were moved to Piątnica.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 4 "Łomża"}} The forts were manned by 1st Battalion of the 33rd Infantry Regiment (under Maj. Stanisław Wyderko), part of 18th Infantry Division.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The machine gun bunkers were manned by 1st MG Company, 1st Battalion, 42nd Infantry Regiment under Lt. Franciszek Zaręba while the trenches around them were manned by two rifle companies of the 33rd regiment.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The frontal positions were supported by 1st platoon of 33rd regiment's anti-tank company (under Lt. Zygmunt Olkowski) and a platoon of outdated 76 mm wz. 1902 guns.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The southern side of the river was manned by 3rd Rifle Company, 1st Battalion, 33rd Regiment (under Lt. Aleksander Siejak), supported by 3rd battalion, 18th Light Artillery Regiment (under Capt Stanisław Krug) and a howitzer detachment of 18th Heavy Artillery Regiment (Lt. Col. Władysław Brzozowski).{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 4 "Łomża"}}

Initially the Germans did not attack from East Prussia during the first week of World War II the front of SGO Narew was mostly stable. After 3 September the town of Łomża was bombarded by the Luftwaffe several times and was set on fire, but the Polish forces suffered only negligible losses.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} However, after the Battle of the Border and the defeat of Polish forces in the Polish Corridor, elements of Nazi Army Group North broke through to East Prussia and were prepared to push southwards.{{sfn|Ripley|p=57}}

On 7 September, shortly after noon, the 21st Infantry Division of XXI Army Corps (Germany) (under Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst) reached the forward outposts of the Polish positions in front of Łomża.{{sfn|Ripley|p=135-136}} The German commander tried to take the Polish positions by a frontal unprepared attack, aimed towards forts I and II.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The attack, carried out by 24th Infantry Regiment of the 21st Division reinforced with tanks of the 8th Panzer Regiment, 10th Panzer Division and artillery, was repelled by Polish machine gun crews and well-placed 37 mm Bofors anti-tank guns.{{sfn|Kozłowski|pp=135-136}}{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The attacking infantry was repelled with significant losses, the Germans also lost 6 tanks.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}}

File:Piątnica fort.jpg

Several repeated attacks were repelled by the 1st Battalion, 33rd Infantry Regiment. In the evening the 21st Division tried to outflank the Łomża bridgehead by fording the Narew, but the Germans were pushed back across the river by vigorous Polish counterattack. By the end of the day the Germans suffered significant losses, the Poles took 57 German soldiers prisoner.{{sfn|Kozłowski|p=136}}{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} The 21st Division withdrew to the north, leaving only a small detachment in front of Polish positions. The following morning after a short artillery barrage the screening detachment surrendered.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} Overnight Lt. Col. Lucjan Stanek, the commanding officer of the 33rd Regiment, departed the Łomża position to confer with SGO Narew's commanding officer, Gen. Czesław Młot-Fijałkowski.{{sfn|Kozłowski|pp=135-144}}

Before noon the following day the Germans returned, this time attacking forts II and III. Four consecutive assaults were repelled by the defenders. Unable to take the forts, around 14:00 the German commander summoned Luftwaffe close air support. The air bombardment caused significant losses within fort II, it also damaged the bridge across Narew.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}}

However, the Polish positions remained impregnable and repeated German attacks in the afternoon were repelled by the defenders long before the German tanks could reach the vicinity of the bridge.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} Around that time a large part of the attacking force was withdrawn towards Wizna and Nowogród to force the river crossing there, while the remainder tried to attack Fort I under cover of artillery barrage and air strikes. Although this time Polish losses were higher, this renewed attack was also repelled.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}}

On 10 September the Germans repeated their attacks, again against forts no. II and III. Around noon German bombers arrived, yet the attack stalled. Despite repeated attempts, until the end of the day the Germans did not manage to destroy a single Polish bunker and had to retreat from within the range of Polish artillery.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}}

File:Piątnica 33Pułk.jpg

Despite three days of repeated German attacks and significant losses (roughly 30% in dead and wounded), Polish morale was still high.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}} However, soon after 21:00 Col. Stefan Kossecki, commanding officer of the 18th Infantry Division, ordered the Łomża position to be abandoned. The reason was that the Germans were victorious in the Battle of Nowogród and the Poles failed to retake the town. Around the time the Germans also broke through at Wizna and the Narew river line was untenable. The 33rd Regiment withdrew towards Bacze Mokre, the last unit crossed the Narew around 22:00. The following day the German forces captured Łomża unopposed and on 29 September the town was handed over to their Soviet allies.{{sfn|Kucharski et al.|loc=¶ 5 "Piątnica"}}

• List of World War II military equipment of Poland
• List of German military equipment of World War II

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{in lang|pl}} {{cite book|author=Ryszard Juszkiewicz|title=Bitwa pod Mławą 1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuQ_AAAAYAAJ|date=1 January 1987|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|isbn=978-83-05-11720-3 |ref={{sfnRef|Juszkiewicz}}}}
• {{in lang|pl}} {{cite book |author1=Włodzimierz Kozłowski |title=Obrona środkowej Narwi i Biebrzy w 1939 roku |trans-title=Defence of Narew and Biebrza river lines in 1939 |chapter=Obrona odcinka 33 pułku piechoty |series=Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica |volume=5 |year=1981 |publisher=Łódź University |location=Łódź |issn=0208-6050 |pages=182 |ref={{sfnRef|Kozłowski}} }}
• {{in lang|pl}} {{cite web | author1=Szymon Kucharski | author2=Piotr Kurzawa | author3=Waldemar Nadolny | editor=Marek Wrocławski | title=Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Narew | work=Polskie Żelbetowe Fortyfikacje Polowe - Wrzesień 1939 | url=http://www.schrony1939.fortyfikacje.pl/anar.htm | access-date=2014-08-29 |ref={{sfnRef|Kucharski et al.}}}}
• {{in lang|en}} {{cite book|author=Tim Ripley|title=The Wehrmacht: The German Army in World War II, 1939-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8C2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=27 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97034-5|ref={{sfnRef|Ripley}}}}
• {{in lang|pl}} {{cite book|author=Kazimierz Satora|title=Opowieści wrześniowych sztandarów|trans-title=Stories of the banners of September|year=1990|publisher=Instytut Wydawniczy Pax|isbn=978-83-211-1104-9|ref={{sfnRef|Satora}}|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/opowiesciwrzesni0000sato}}

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Category:Battles of the Invasion of Poland

Category:Łomża in World War II

Category:Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)––

Category:September 1939 in Europe