Battle of Holbeck Moor

{{Infobox civil conflict

| title = Battle of Holbeck Moor

| partof =

| image = File:Blue plaque for battle of Holbeck moor.jpg

| caption = Leeds Civic Trust plaque commemorating the event, during its unveiling on 29th September 2024

| date = 27 September 1936

| place = Holbeck, Leeds, United Kingdom

| coordinates =

| causes = Opposition to a fascist march through Leeds

| goals =

| methods = Protest

| status =

| result =

| side1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Union of Fascists.svg}} British Union of Fascists (Blackshirts)

| side2 = Anti-fascists{{bullet list | Communist Party of Great Britain| Socialists | Trade unionists | British Jews}}

| side3 = {{Normalwraplink|Leeds City Police}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

| leadfigures1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Union of Fascists.svg}} Sir Oswald Mosley

| howmany1 = 1,000

| howmany2 = 30,000

| howmany3 =

| casualties1 = 40 injured, of which 14 taken to infirmary

| casualties2 =

| casualties3 =

| fatalities =

| injuries =

| arrests =

| detentions =

| charged =

| fined =

| casualties_label =

| notes =

}}

The Battle of Holbeck Moor was a clash between the British Union of Fascists and various anti-fascist demonstrators that took place in Holbeck, Leeds, on 27 September 1936.{{Cite web|url=https://secretlibraryleeds.net/2019/06/14/oswald-mosley-and-leeds-the-battle-of-holbeck-moor-27th-september-1936/|title=Oswald Mosley and Leeds – The Battle of Holbeck Moor 27th September 1936|first=Leeds|last=Libraries|date=June 14, 2019}}

Background

Led by Oswald Mosley, the British Union of Fascists planned to march through the Leylands, a working-class Jewish quarter in Leeds. The Leeds City Watch Committee rejected their plans, fearing an outbreak of riots.{{Cite web |title=Peaky Blinders' fascist villain Oswald Mosley tried to spread far-right message in Leeds - but the city taught him a lesson |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/peaky-blinders-fascist-villain-oswald-mosley-tried-spread-far-right-message-leeds-city-taught-him-lesson-805499 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}{{Cite book |last=Bergen |first=Amanda |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526123091/9781526123091.00021.xml |title=The unwalled ghetto: Mobility and anti-Semitism in the interwar period |date=March 29, 2019 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9781526123091 |via=www.manchesterhive.com}} Since the committee had not banned the fascists from marching elsewhere, they changed the route to march from Calverley Street (in the city centre) to Holbeck Moor.

In the days before the march, anti-fascists (primarily the Communist Party of Great Britain) set about countering the march, distributing flyers to workers in the engineering, textile and tailoring factories and on working-class housing estates, calling for a mobilisation against Mosley and his fascists.{{Cite web |last= |last2= |last3= |date=2024-09-30 |title=The Battle of Holbeck Moor – the little-known precursor to Cable Street |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/battle-holbeck-moor-little-known-precursor-cable-street |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Morning Star |language=en}} Due to differences, the Labour Party refused to attend and help the Communist Party.

The night before the march, the Leylands was targeted with swastikas and slogans daubed on windows and doors,{{Cite web |title=Working Class History |url=https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/article/9965/battle-of-holbeck-moor |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=stories.workingclasshistory.com}} and Jewish people were attacked in the streets.{{Cite web |title=Remembering the Battle of Holbeck Moor |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/09/remembering-the-battle-of-holbeck-moor-leeds |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=tribunemag.co.uk |language=en-GB}}

Events

On the 27th of September, the blackshirts met at Calverley Street, and were greeted with a small amount of booing. They then marched down the Headrow, Briggate, Meadow Lane, Dewsbury Road, Trentham Street, Tempest Road and Beeston Road, before finishing at the side of Holbeck Moor near St Matthew’s School.

Mosley joined the march near the end, at Beeston Road. On arriving at Holbeck Moor, the fascists were met by 30,000 anti-fascist demonstrators led by the Leeds Communist Party branch. With horse-mounted police forces shielding the fascists, Mosley climbed on top of a van and attempted to give a speech, but was quickly drowned out by protesters who had surrounded the van, singing the socialist song 'The Red Flag' repeatedly.{{Cite web |title=The dark day fascists marched in Leeds |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/dark-day-fascists-marched-leeds-598877 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}

The stand-off then became violent, with protesters pelting Mosley and the blackshirts with stones. The excitement and danger grew as mounted police then went into the crowd to arrest those throwing stones. Realising they were vastly outnumbered, the fascists retreated with great difficulty from the moor.

During the clash, Mosley was hit twice with stones, resulting in a gash under one eye. This wound was still visible when he attempted to march at Cable Street in London a week later. 40 blackshirts were also injured, of which 14 were treated at an infirmary.

Aftermath

The Battle reinforced opposition to fascism in the city, and the news of the battle spread through anti-fascist movements elsewhere in the UK, and helped serve as inspiration in the planning for the more famous Battle of Cable Street, which took place on 4 October 1936 in London. In the build-up to Cable Street, publications such as the Daily Worker proclaimed that “what happened in Leeds must happen in East London!”{{Cite web |title=Remembering the Battle of Holbeck Moor |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/09/remembering-the-battle-of-holbeck-moor/ |website=tribunemag.co.uk}}{{Cite web |title=John Mann: 30,000 people stood up to the Blackshirts on Holbeck Moor, we need to learn from that |url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/john-mann-30000-people-stood-blackshirts-holbeck-moor-we-need-learn-825091 |website=www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk}}{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2020 |title=1930s fascism inspires Tracy-Ann Oberman's Shylock |url=https://britishtheatre.com/1930s-fascism-inspires-tracy-ann-obermans-shylock/}}{{Cite news |last=Vinter |first=Robyn |last2= |first2= |date=2024-09-29 |title=Search for memories of day Leeds stood up to Oswald Mosley in 1936 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/sep/29/search-memories-day-leeds-oswald-mosley-battle-holbeck-moor |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

The day after the march, Mosley made a statement in the Leeds Mercury:

{{Quote|text=In a statement after the meeting, Sir Oswald Mosley said it was only a small number of men, organised for the purpose, who had tried to upset the meeting.

"Stones were aimed particularly at women Blackshirts," he said, "and the ambulances carrying the injured were stoned. Despite this organised violence the meeting was carried through according to schedule. "I thought the police handled the situation splendidly. I respect the decision of the Leeds Watch Committee not to interfere with our meeting."|source=Leeds Mercury 28th Sept 1936|multiline=true|title=A Statement.}}

The Leeds Mercury also published a list of names and addresses of the injured who received medical treatment, The participants were brought in from distant towns and cities such as Newcastle, Liverpool, Blackburn, Scunthorpe, Lincoln and Lancaster. Few were from Leeds.

Legacy

{{Multiple image

| image1 = Battle of Holbeck Moor Leeds Civic Trust plaque.jpg|

| image2 = Crowds at blue plaque unveiling for Battle of Holbeck Moor.jpg

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| alt2 = Crowds at the unveiling of the blue plaque, 29th September 2024

}}

In January 2020, John Mann, Baron Mann cited the Battle in his maiden speech in the House of Lords, stating:{{cite web| url = https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/lord-mann-uses-maiden-house-of-lords-speech-to-praise-voters-rejection-extremism-of-antisemitism-1.495371| title = Reference at www.thejc.com}}

{{Quote|text="For 70 years my family lived alongside Holbeck Moor in those two-up, two-down, back-to-back terraces and cobbled streets. I cannot claim with certainty that one of them threw the cobble that put Mosley in hospital, but there were 30,000 heroes yet nothing recorded."}}

A blue plaque dedicated to the event was unveiled on 29 September 2024 at Holbeck Moor, to a crowd of over 300. The plaque was commissioned by Stand Up To Racism and Leeds Civic Trust.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Battle of Holbeck Moor: Blue plaque to mark anti-fascist protest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn4yj4d2evgo |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}} The unveiling was attended by Fabian Hamilton, Hilary Benn and Richard Burgon{{Cite web |last= |last2= |last3= |date=2024-09-29 |title=Hundreds of activists attend rally to recognise 1936 anti-fascist mobilisation |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/hundreds-activists-attend-rally-recognise-1936-anti-fascist-mobilisation |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Morning Star |language=en}} as well as descendants of participants. It is now fixed to the south wall of St Matthew's Church, facing the moor.