Battle of Makassar Strait
{{Short description|1942 naval battle on the Pacific campaign of WWII}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Makassar Strait
| partof = World War II, Pacific War
| caption = {{USS|Marblehead|CL-12|6}} in February 1942, showing bomb damage received in the battle
| date = 4 February 1942
| place = Java Sea, Bali Sea (Dutch East Indies)
| result = Japanese victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
{{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} Japan
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} Karel Doorman
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval}} Nishizō Tsukahara
| strength1 = 4 cruisers
7 destroyers
| strength2 = 37–45 planes (Allied estimate)
60 land based bombers (Japanese reports)
| casualties1 = 70 sailors killed
2 cruisers damaged
| casualties2 = 4+ planes destroyed
}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
{{Campaignbox Netherlands East Indies}}
The Battle of Makassar Strait, also known as the Action of Madura Strait, the Action North of Lombok Strait and the Battle of the Flores Sea, was a naval battle of the Pacific theater of World War II. An American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) fleet—under Schout-bij-nacht (Rear Admiral) Karel Doorman—was on its way to intercept a Japanese invasion convoy reported as bound for Surabaya (its destination was actually Makassar), when it was attacked by 36 Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty" and 24 Mitsubishi G3M2 "Nell" medium bombers, which forced the fleet to retreat.
The battle occurred on 4 February 1942 in the Bali Sea, in south of the Kangean Islands. This battle should not be confused with the Battle of Balikpapan, which occurred over a week earlier on 24 January 1942, which is also sometimes referred to as the "Battle of Makassar Strait".
Background
At the end of January, Japanese forces had conquered the north and west coast of Borneo and large parts of Maluku (Moluccas). On Borneo's east coast, Japanese forces occupied the oil facilities and ports of Balikpapan{{cite web|first = Klemen | last = L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/balikpapan.html |title= The capture of Balikpapan, January 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}} and Tarakan,{{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/tarakan.html |title= The capture of Tarakan Island, January 1942 |date= 1999–2000 |work= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052724/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/tarakan.html |archivedate= 26 July 2011 |df= dmy-all }} and on Celebes the cities of Menado{{cite web|first = Klemen | last = L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/menado.html |title= The Fall of Menado, January 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}} and Kendari{{cite web|first = Klemen | last = L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/kendari.html |title= The Fall of Kendari, January 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}} had also fallen. To gain full control of Makassar Strait, the Japanese needed to capture the cities of Makassar and Banjarmasin.
On 1 February, Allied commanders received word from a reconnaissance plane: at Balikpapan, a Japanese invasion force—consisting of 20 troop transport ships, three cruisers and 10 destroyers—was preparing to sail. On 2 February, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Vice-Admiraal (Vice Admiral) Conrad Helfrich, Rear Admiral William A. Glassford and (Commodore) John Collins, RAN met at Palembang; Helfrich's suggestion that a strike force be formed was approved.{{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/helfrich.html |title= Vice-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich |date= 1999–2000 |work= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052802/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/helfrich.html |archivedate= 26 July 2011 |df= dmy-all }} It was formed the following day under Schout-bij-nacht (Rear Admiral) Karel Doorman, and began taking on supplies at the Gili Islands, northwest of Lombok.
The ABDA force consisted of four cruisers ({{HNLMS|De Ruyter|1935|6}}, which was the flagship, {{HNLMS|Tromp|1937|2}} and {{USS|Houston|CA-30|6}}, and {{USS|Marblehead|CL-12|2}}) escorted by seven destroyers ({{HNLMS|Banckert|1929|6}}, {{HNLMS|Piet Hein|1927|2}}, {{HNLMS|Van Ghent|1926|2}}, {{USS|Barker||6}}, {{USS|Bulmer||2}}, {{USS|John D. Edwards||2}}, and {{USS|Stewart|DD-224|2}}).{{cite web|last = Muir |first = Dan |url= http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Makassar.htm |title= Order of Battle, Battle of Makassar Strait 4 February 1942 |date= }}
Battle
On the morning of 3 February, the ABDA combined strike force was being refueled by the USS Pecos (AO-6) in Bounder Roads, when they were spotted by seven Japanese bombers. Though they circled several times, the Japanese bombers did not attack the ABDA ship as they dispersed into open water, but instead continued on with their planned attack of Surabaya. Yet, Doorman's element of surprise was lost, a disadvantage coupled with his lack of fighter cover.{{cite book |last1=Womack |first1=Tom |title=The Allied Defense of the Malay Barrier, 1941-1942 |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476662930 |pages=134-140}}
On 4 February, at midnight, the Doorman's strike force sailed east from Bounder Roads towards the south of the Kangean Islands before turning north into the Java Sea. At 9:35 AM, Doorman was told to expect an attack from 36 Japanese bombers spotted taking off from Kendari II Airfield. The attack began at 9:49 while Doorman's ships were in Bali Sea 20 miles south of Kangean. The Japanese concentrated their attack on A.G. Robinson's Marblehead and Albert H. Rooks' Houston. At 10:27, Marblehead was straddled with six high explosive bombs, killing 15, wounding 84, causing severe flooding, destroying the steering room, and jamming the rudder hard to port. Marblehead listed 10 degrees to starboard as it circled doing 25 knots.
Houston was initially successfully in evading several bombs until a delayed fuse bomb penetrated the main deck near the Turret Number 3. The blast instantly killed 48, and wounded an additional 20. Quick action prevented the resultant fire from reaching the aft magazine, though the turret was no longer operational.
At 12:25, Doorman in order to avoid further air attacks, ordered his ships south through the Lombok Strait and into the Indian Ocean. On 5 February, Houston and Tromp entered Tjilatjap, followed by Marblehead the day after.
Aftermath
At Tjilatjap, On 7 February, Marblehead's hull was repaired over the next three days, when the forward half of the ship was placed in drydock. On 13 February, steering by her engines, she sailed for Ceylon, which she reached on 21 February. Without a drydocks able to accommodate her there, she continued onwards to South Africa, reaching the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 4 May. Though without a working aft turret, the Houston remained.
On 8 February, thinking Doorman had lost cruisers, the Japanese convoy anchored off Makassar.
Notes
{{reflist}}
References
- Bezemer, K. W. L. Zij Vochten Op De Zeven Zeeën. 5th ed. Utrecht: W. de Haan N.V., 1964. 243–247 {{in lang|nl}}
- {{cite web|first = Klemen | last = L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |date=1999–2000}}
- Muir, Dan [http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Makassar.htm Order of Battle – Battle of Makassar Strait 1942]
{{Commons|Battle of the Java Sea}}
- {{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html }}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
Category:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
Category:1942 in the Dutch East Indies