Battle of Ruapekapeka

The pā was named Rua Pekapeka (the Bat's Nest) in relation to deep pihareinga, or dugouts with access through narrow circular entrances above to bomb-proof shelters below, which protected the garrison during bombardment. These rua or "caves looked like calabashs buried underground, the narrow end uppermost", and could accommodate 15 to 20 people.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}}

Te Ruki Kawiti and his allies, including Mataroria and Motiti,{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}} designed Ruapekapeka pā as a further development of what is now called the "gunfighter pā" design that was used at the Battle of Ōhaeawai. It was constructed during 1845, in a good defensive position, in an area of no strategic value, well away from non-combatants, as a challenge to British rule. Ruapekapeka Pā improved on the plan of the pā at Ōhaeawai, the site of a battle in the Flagstaff War.{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Matiu |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125817596 |title=Te Ata o Tū: The Shadow of Tūmatauenga: The New Zealand Wars Collections of Te Papa: The Shadow of Tūmatauenga, The New Zealand Wars Collections of Te Papa |last2=Cooper |first2=Catherine Elizabeth |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Michael |last4=Rice |first4=Rebecca |date=2024-03-01 |publisher=Te Papa Press |pages=75 |language=English}}

The outer walls of the pā had trenches (parepare) in front of and behind palisades that were {{convert|3|m|ft}} high, built using pūriri logs.{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=James |chapter=Plan of Ruapekapeka Fortification |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64) |publisher=R. E. Owen, Government Printer |location=Wellington |date=1955 |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ076a.html |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221839/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ076a.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC)}} Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormium tenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves.{{cite book| last=Cowan| first=James |chapter=Flax-masked Palisade |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64) |publisher=R. E. Owen, Government Printer |location=Wellington |date=1955 |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ053c.html |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214845/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ053c.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC)}} On some of the sides of the pā there were three rows of palisades and on other sides two rows of palisades.{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=James |chapter=From a Royal Navy Officers' Survey, 1846–Cross-section of Rua-pekapeka |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64) |publisher=R. E. Owen, Government Printer |location=Wellington |date=1955 |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ077a.html |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200336/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/Cow01NewZ-fig-Cow01NewZ077a.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=live |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC)}} There were passages between the front and back trenches (parepare),{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}} so that warriors could move forward to fire and return to shelter to reload. On the high ground an observation tower was erected. At the rear of the pā a well, some {{convert|5|m|ft}} deep, was dug into a sandstone formation to provide a water-supply during the expected siege of the pā.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}}

{{Main|Flagstaff War}}

When the new British Governor, Sir George Grey, failed to end the Flagstaff War by negotiation, he assembled a British force of 1,168 men in the Bay of Islands to deal with Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti. In early December 1845 the Colonial forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Despard, moved by water towards Ruapekapeka and began a two-week advance over {{convert|20|km|mi}} to bring artillery up to the pā.

The ordnance used in the battle were three naval 32-pounder guns, one 18-pounder gun, two 12-pounder howitzers, one light 6-pounder brass field gun, four 5½" brass Mann mortars designed for New Zealand service,{{cite magazine |last=Heath |first=Philip |title=Gother Mann's New Zealand Mountain Mortars |magazine=The Driving Wheel |location=Auckland |publisher=MOTAT Society |publication-date=Winter 2015 |issue=9 |pages=23–32 |url=http://www.motatsociety.org.nz/the_driving_wheel_magazine.html |access-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112045736/http://www.motatsociety.org.nz/the_driving_wheel_magazine.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |url-status=dead }} {{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=76}} and two Congreve rocket-tubes—24-pounder and 12-pounder.{{cite news |title=The War in New Zealand |work=The Illustrated London News |volume=9 |issue=218 |date=4 July 1846 |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_illustrated-london-news_1846-07-04_9_218/page/n3/mode/2up?q=%22rocket+tube%22}} Despard reported the positions of ordnance on 9 January 1846.

Our present position before the pa is as follows: The main camp is placed on an open piece of ground, or rather ridge, with deep-wooded valleys either side, and thick woods both in front and rear: the distance from the pa supposed to be about 750 yards. In our front there are three guns (one 32-pounder, one 12-pound howitzer, and one light 6-pounder), with an apparatus for throwing rockets. From this position several shells have been thrown into the pa, as well as rockets, and much execution must have been done by them, as they were well directed.

Within the larger stockade, which at the utmost cannot be more than 400 yards from the pa, there are two 32-pounders and four small 5½ inch mortars; and the wood in front of these guns has been so completely cut down that nearly the whole face of the pa is now open to their fire.

The small advanced stockade contains one 18-pounder and one 12-pound howitzer, and commands a range not only along the same face (the western) that is exposed to the fire of our other batteries, but will also range along the southern face, and I expect to destroy the defences on the south-west angle.{{cite news |title=To his Excellency Governor Grey |work=The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle |volume=4 |issue=207 |date=21 February 1846 |page=203 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18460221.2.12}}

It had taken two weeks to bring the heavy guns into range of the pā. Bombardment started on 27 December 1845. The directing officers were Lieutenant Alleyne Bland, HMS Racehorse,{{cite book |title=The Navy List Corrected to the 20th December, 1845 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |date=1846 |url=https://archive.org/details/navy-list-1846/page/n83/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}}{{rp|81}}{{cite wikisource |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Bland, Alleyne |last=O'Byrne |first=William R. |year=1849}} and Lieutenant Leeds, HEICS Elphinstone, Lieutenant Charles Randle Egerton, HMS North Star,{{rp|78}}{{cite wikisource |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary/Egerton, Charles Randle |last=O'Byrne |first=William R. |year=1849}} was in charge of firing the rocket-tubes.{{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=84}} Bombardment and an incomplete siege commenced on 27 December 1845 (the British lacking the manpower to completely surround the pā). Several weeks of siege punctuated by skirmishing followed. The guns were fired with accuracy throughout the siege causing considerable damage to the palisades, although those inside the pā were safe in the underground shelters.{{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=78}}

The colonial forces consisted of the 58th Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Wynyard), 99th Regiment under Captain Archibald William Reed,{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Henry George |title=The New Army List for 1846 |volume=7 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=251 |date=1846 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/105942680}} and 42 Auckland volunteers under Captain Thomas Ringrose Atkyns. The Commanding Royal Engineer was Captain William Biddlecomb Marlow. Tāmati Wāka Nene, Eruera Maihi Patuone, Tawhai, Repa, and Nopera Panakareao led around 450 warriors in support of the colonial forces.{{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=75}} The soldiers were supported by the Royal Marines (under Captain Langford) and sailors from HMS Castor,{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Matiu |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125817596 |title=Te Ata o Tū: The Shadow of Tūmatauenga: The New Zealand Wars Collections of Te Papa: The Shadow of Tūmatauenga, The New Zealand Wars Collections of Te Papa |last2=Cooper |first2=Catherine Elizabeth |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Michael |last4=Rice |first4=Rebecca |date=2024-03-01 |publisher=Te Papa Press |pages=72-73 |language=English}} HMS Racehorse, HMS North Star, HMS Calliope,{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/hms-calliope-nz-wars-memorial |title=HMS Calliope NZ Wars memorial |access-date=28 October 2013 |work=New Zealand History |publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200841/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/hms-calliope-nz-wars-memorial |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}} and the 18-gun sloop HEICS Elphinstone of the Honourable East India Company.{{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=73}}

Ruapekapeka's garrison had a 12-pounder carronade from HMS Hazard's boat and a serviceable 4-pounder gun, both taken at Kororāreka.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}} After three attempts, a navy 18-pounder gunner broke the carronade with a direct hit.{{cite news |title=To his Excellency Governor Grey |work=The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle |volume=4 |issue=207 |date=21 February 1846 |page=203 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18460221.2.14}} In any event, Māori defenders had limited supplies of gunpowder and shot, such that the possession of these guns did not assist them in the defence of Ruapekapeka.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}} Māori were armed with double-barrel muzzle-loading muskets (Tupara), flintlock muskets (Ngutuparera, so-called because the hammer holding the flint looked like a duck's beak) as well as some pistols.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}}

The siege continued for some two weeks, punctuated by skirmishing from the pā to keep everyone alert. Then, early in the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother of Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned,{{cite book |last1=Carleton |first1=Hugh |title=The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate |volume=1 |publisher=Upton & Co. |location=Auckland |date=1874 |url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1044&page=0&action=null |via=Early New Zealand Books (ENZB)}}{{rp|243}} although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few of his warriors remained behind and appeared to have been caught unaware by the British assault.{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Tim |last2=Parham |first2=Bill |title=The Colonial New Zealand Wars |publisher=Grantham House |location=Wellington |date=1986}}{{rp|27–28}} A small group of British troops pushed over the palisade and entered the pā, finding it almost empty. They were reinforced, while Māori tried to re-enter the pā from the back. After a four-hour gun fight the remaining Māori withdrew, abandoning the pā. Lieutenant Colonel Despard claimed the outcome as a "brilliant success".{{cite web |work=The New Zealander |volume=1 |issue=34| title=Official Despatches. Colonial Secretary's Office, Auckland, January 17, 1846 |date=24 January 1846| page=4 |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZ18460124.2.12 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013114120/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZ18460124.2.12 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=live}} The Royal Marines and sailors from HMS Hazard, HMS North Star and HMS Calliope saw action in the battle. The "Official Despatches" released for publication on 17 January 1846 stated that casualties in the British forces were 3 soldiers killed and 11 wounded; 2 marines killed and 3 wounded; 7 seamen killed and 12 wounded; and 2 pioneers killed and 1 wounded. However other published sources give different casualty figures: Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846, that 12 were killed and 30 wounded;{{Sfn|Cowan|1922|p=86}}{{cite book |last1=Coleman |first1=John Noble |title=A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis for Thirty-nine Years a Missionary in New Zealand |publisher=James Nisbet and Co. |location=London |date=1865 |pages=308–309 |chapter=IX. Missionary Operations |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1158&page=1&action=null |via=Early New Zealand Books (ENZB)}}{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Tim |last2=Parham |first2=Bill |title=The Colonial New Zealand Wars |publisher=Grantham House |location=Wellington |date=2003 |page=}}{{rp|28}}{{cite web |last=King |first=Marie|title=A Most Noble Anchorage: The Story of Russell & The Bay of Islands |publisher=The Northland Publications Society, Inc., The Northlander No 14 (1974) |year=1992 |url=http://www.reocities.com/wlorac/russbois.txt |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005034148/http://www.reocities.com/wlorac/russbois.txt |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=live}} Māori casualties are unknown, (Heke and Kawiti later said they had lost around 60 dead during the whole of the campaign).

For the record, Captain William Marlow, RE, Lieutenant Leeds, HEICN, and John Peter du Moulin, Commissariat, surveyed Ruapekapeka soon after the battle and produced the plan and sectional views of the pa from which drawings and models since have been derived.{{cite map |last=Marlow |first=William Biddlecomb |title=Sketch of Kawiti's Pah at Rua Peka peka taken by the combined forces under Colonel Despard and Captain Graham, Jany. 11th 1846 |url=https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE351478&dps_custom_att_1=emu |via=Alexander Turnbull Library}} Similarly, Mr John George Nops, Master, HMS Racehorse, assisted by Mr Groves, Midshipman, HMS Racehorse, also surveyed the pa, as well as the road specifically constructed for the siege.{{cite map |last1=Nops |first1=John George |last2=Groves |first2= |title=Plan of Kawiti's Pa at Ruapekapeka by Mr Nops, assisted by Mr Groves, H.M.S. Racehorse |date=1846 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/maps/id/906 |via=Auckland Libraries}}{{cite map |last1=Nops |first1=John George |last2=Groves |first2= |title=Plan of the road taken by the combined forces to Rua Peka Peka, under Colonel Despard 99th Regt. By Mr. J.G. Nops (Master), assisted by Mr. Groves (Mid.) |date=1846 |url=https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE349970&dps_custom_att_1=emu}}

File:Ruapekapeka noticeboard and fortifications.jpg Examination of the pā revealed that it had been very well designed and very strongly built. In different circumstances it could have withstood a long and costly siege.{{cite book |last1=Carleton |first1=Hugh |title=The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate |volume=2 |year=1874 |publisher=Upton & Co. |location=Auckland |url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1047&page=0&action=null |via=Early New Zealand Books (ENZB)}}{{rp|121–127}} Lieutenant Henry Colin Balneavis,{{cite web |first=Garry James |last=Clayton |title=Balneavis, Henry Colin |date=30 October 2012 |url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b2/balneavis-henry-colin |publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date= 28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229031006/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b2/balneavis-henry-colin |archive-date= 29 December 2013 |url-status=live}} 58th Regiment, who took part in the siege, commented in his journal for 11 January:{{blockquote|Pa burnt. Ruapekapeka found a most extraordinary place,—a model of engineering, with a treble stockade, and huts inside, these also fortified. A large embankment in rear of it, full of under-ground holes for the men to live in; communications with subterranean passages enfilading the ditch. Two guns were taken,—a small one, and an 18-pounder, the latter dismantled by our fire. It appeared that they were in want of food and water. It was the strongest pa ever built in New Zealand.{{rp|124 n16}}}}

The reason why the defenders appeared to have abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing debate. It was later suggested that most of the Māori had been at church (many of them were devout Christians).{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}}{{cite book |last1=Raugh |first1=Harold E |title=The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-925-2 |pages=225–226}} Knowing that their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had not expected an attack on a Sunday. Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846:{{blockquote|Yesterday the news came that the Pa was taken on Sunday by the sailors, and that twelve Europeans were killed and thirty wounded. The native loss uncertain. It appears the natives did not expect fighting on the Sabbath, and were, the great part of them, out of the Pa, smoking and playing. It is also reported that the troops were assembling for service. The tars, having made a tolerable breach with their cannon on Saturday, took the opportunity of the careless position of the natives, and went into the Pa, but did not get possession without much hard fighting, hand to hand.}}

However, later commentators have cast doubt on this explanation of the events of Sunday 11 January, as fighting had continued on a Sunday at the Battle of Ōhaeawai in July 1845. Yet other later commentators suggested that Heke deliberately abandoned the pā to lay a trap in the surrounding bush, as this would provide cover and give Heke a considerable advantage.{{cite book |last1=Brooking |first1=Tom | last2=Enright |first2=Paul |title=Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History |date=1988 |publisher=Mills Publications |location=Lower Hutt |page=69}} In this scenario, Heke's ambush succeeded only partially, as Kawiti's men, fearing their chief had fallen, returned towards the pā and the British forces engaged in battle with the Māori rebels immediately behind the pā.{{rp|27}}

It was Māori custom that the place of a battle where blood was spilt became tapu so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka pā.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}}{{rp|76–84}} After the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some {{convert|4|mi}} north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of Ngāti Hine.{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=43}}

After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Kawiti expressed the will to continue to fight,{{Sfn|Kawiti|1956|p=38–43}} however Kawiti and Heke made it known that they would end the rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave Ngāpuhi land.

Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as an intermediary in the negotiations with Governor Grey. At this time Governor Grey faced new threats of rebellion in the south and would have had logistical difficulties in a lengthy campaign against Heke and Kawiti; although Governor Grey may have underestimated the difficulties the essentially part-time Māori force would experience in continuing to fight against the Colonial forces. Governor Grey accepted Tāmati Wāka Nene's argument that clemency was the best way to ensure peace in the North. Heke and Kawiti were pardoned and no land was confiscated.{{rp|28}}

Lieutenant Henry Balneavis, 58th Regiment, created a model of Ruapekapeka pā as a part of the New Zealand showcase at the Great Exhibition in London, in 1851.{{cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Richard |date=11 November 2019 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: International Exhibitions |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/research/crafting-aotearoa/international-exhibitions |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Auckland War Memorial Museum}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=James |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64) |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c9.html |date=1922 |publisher=R. E. Owen, Government Printer |location=Wellington, New Zealand |pages=73–87 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Capture of Rua-pekapeka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028074651/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-c9.html |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC)}}
• {{cite web |last=Kawiti |first=Tawai |title=Heke's War in the North |issue=16 |work=Te Ao Hou / The New World |page= |date=October 1956 |url=http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao16TeA/c22-7.html |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921232751/http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao16TeA/c22-7.html |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}

{{Commons category|Ruapekapeka}}

• [http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/northland/whangarei/ruapekapeka-pa/ Department of Conservation – Ruapekapeka Pa]
• {{cite book |last1=Carleton |first1=Hugh |title=The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate |volume=2 |year=1874 |publisher=Upton & Co. |location=Auckland |url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1047&page=0&action=null |via=Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library}}

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