Bawtry Wharf

Bawtry was first recorded in 1199, as being built on the waste{{#tag:ref|An area within the Domesday Book that was described as Waste was an area that was untaxed, or unoccupied.{{cite web |title=Hull Domesday Project - waste |url=https://www.domesdaybook.net/domesday-book/data-terminology/taxation/waste |website=www.domesdaybook.net |access-date=6 March 2023}}|name=Waste|group=note}} of Austerfield, a village to the north-east of Bawtry, which held the mother church in the area.{{sfn|Beresford|1988|pp=136, 639}} Bawtry is described as having a port in a document from 1276, with wool and lead being its chief exports, although it is thought to have existed as a port a century back, and possibly even to Roman times.{{sfn|Hey|1979|p=59}} The location of the wharf was on the eastern side of the town, where the land slopes down towards the river. The position of the church in this lower part of Bawtry, suggests that the port developed before the main part of the town did, with Bawtry expanding westwards from the 13th century onwards.{{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1=Mark |editor1-last=Blair |editor1-first=John |title=Waterways and canal-building in medieval England |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199217151 |page=108 |chapter=4: Hythes, Small Ports, and Other Landing Places in Later Medieval England}}{{sfn|Beresford|1988|p=522}} The port is thought to have led to some affluence in the area, and grand Georgian houses on Wharf street are said to have been built for the merchants and traders at the port. During the latter part of the 13th century, and the early part of the 14th, Bawtry recorded a river port trade commensurate with, or greater than, Beverley and Tadcaster. It was during this time that it was possibly the third busiest inland port in England.{{cite book |last1=Langdon |first1=John |editor1-last=Blair |editor1-first=John |title=Waterways and canal-building in medieval England |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780199217151 |page=113|chapter=5: The Efficiency of Inland Water Transport}} During the 13th century, consignments of wool, grain and lead were exported through Bawtry. Ports of trans-shipment included Hull and Grimsby.{{cite thesis|last=Edwards|first=James Frederick|title=The transport system of medieval England and Wales : a geographical synthesis|date=1987|publisher=University of Salford|page=190|oclc=63663717}}

Downstream from Bawtry, the river travels a distance of {{convert|10.9|mi}} before reaching Stockwith, where it spills into the Trent. From Stockwith to the mouth of the Trent into the Humber, is {{convert|21|mi}}.{{cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Edward |title=A History of Inland Transport and Communication in England |date=1912 |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co |location=London |page=123|oclc=3808476}} In the 19th century, boats plying their trade along the river were typically {{convert|48|ft}} long, and were able to carry loads of {{convert|12–24|tonne}}.{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=William J. F. |title=A topographical history and description of Bawtry and Thorne, with the villages adjacent |date=1813 |publisher=Rivingtons |location=London |page=10|oclc=58561205}}

The hinterland of the port had great importance during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, as it proved to be an easy route to transport timber to the Royal Navy shipyards in the south at Chatham and Woolwich. However, a great deal of the felled timber rotted at the port of Bawtry and that at Stockwith (on the Trent, a trans-shipment point) as the organisers faced logistical challenges in exporting the commodity.{{cite book |last1=Morrison |first1=Sara |editor1-last=Rhoden |editor1-first=Nancy L. |title=English Atlantics revisited : essays honouring Professor Ian K. Steele |date=2007 |publisher=McGill Queens University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=978-0-7735-3219-9 |page=153 |chapter=7: Forests of Masts and Seas of Trees; the English Royal Forest and the Restoration Navy}} Other timber carried from the port included a consignment of oak in 1695, which was floated downriver from Bawtry bound for use in St Paul's Cathedral, London. The timber originated form an estate in Welbeck, Nottinghamshire. Smaller timber went by track straight to Stockwith, but "ten long trees could not be sent by land carriage".{{cite news |last1=Pierce |first1=W. M. |title=St Paul's Oak from Welbeck |work=The Times |issue=43283 |date=7 March 1923 |location=Column F |page=13|issn=0140-0460}}{{cite web |title=Nottinghamshire history > The Dukery, and Sherwood Forest, (1875) |url=http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/white1875/welbeckp4.htm |website=www.nottshistory.org.uk |access-date=4 March 2023}}

Daniel Defoe visited Bawtry in the 1720s and described the port as being "..on the little and pleasant River Idle [which] has become the centre of exportation for all of the country."{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Pat |title=Road-testing the first turnpikes. The enduring value of Daniel Defoe's account of English highways |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=August 2019 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=211–231 |doi=10.1177/0022526619828326|s2cid=187248619 }}{{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Graham |title=The village in England : history and tradition |date=1988 |publisher=Rizzoli |location=New York |isbn=0847809560 |page=95}} Defoe noted that exports through the wharf were of lead from Derbyshire, pig iron from Sheffield, cloth from West Yorkshire, and Derbyshire millstones bound for Hull, London and the Netherlands.{{cite news |last1=Tuffrey |first1=Peter |title=By horse-drawn coach, barge or train |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=11 January 2022 |page=18|issn=0963-1496}} Imports consisted of iron ore, timber, groceries, copper tin, hemp, leather hides and flax.{{sfn|Porteous|1977|p=6}}{{sfn|Hey|1979|p=125}} However, as the local iron ores around Sheffield had a high phosphorus percentage making them good for wrought iron, but not steel, inwards shipments of iron ore from Sweden were handled at Bawtry too.{{cite book |last1=Eden |first1=Robert Arthur |title=Geology of the country around Sheffield (one-inch geological sheet 100, new series) |date=1975 |orig-date=1957 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |isbn=0-11-880678-5 |page=4 |edition=2}} George Talbot, the Earl of Shrewsbury, owned a warehouse at Bawtry wharf and was exporting about {{convert|100|tonne}} of lead per year, whilst also importing Spanish steel for Sheffield.{{sfn|Hey|1979|p=120}} The transport of lead from the Derbyshire smelters helped to accelerate road-building in the area, and many of the routes taken to Bawtry by the lead were turnpiked between 1756 and 1766.{{cite journal |last1=Burt |first1=Roger |title=Lead Production in England and Wales, 1700-1770 |journal=The Economic History Review |date=August 1969 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=251 |doi=10.2307/2593770 |publisher=Wiley |jstor=2593770 |issn=0013-0117}} The "considerable" distance ({{convert|20|mi}}) and cost of transportation of goods from Sheffield to Bawtry prompted the investigation into making the River Don Navigable, which had been achieved by the middle of the 18th century and much of the traffic from Sheffield had been diverted away from Bawtry.{{cite book |last1=Ashton |first1=Thomas Southcliffe |title=Iron and steel in the industrial revolution |date=1963 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |page=246|oclc=493307018}} The cost of transporting goods on the open sea via the Humber to Stockwith was 0.25d per mile, which rose to 3d for the trans-shipment and forwarding to Bawtry, and then it cost 10d by road to the Sheffield area.{{cite book |last1=Barraclough |first1=K. C. |editor1-last=Beech |editor1-first=J. |title=Perspectives in metallurgical development |date=1984 |publisher=Metals Society |location=London |isbn=0904357716 |page=30 |chapter=2: The History of Sheffield Steelmaking to 1884}}

An act was passed in 1719 (under George I), to make the river from Bawtry southwards to East Retford navigable.{{cite book |title=The statutes at large from the first year of the reign of King George the first, to the ninth year of the reign of King George the second : to which is prefixed a table of the titles of all the publick and private statutes during that time. Volume the fifth |date=1786 |publisher=Charles Evans Andrew |location=London |page=17|oclc=9544227245}} The burgesses and wharf owners in Bawtry did not object to this act, whereas they had done to proposed acts for improving the rivers to other inland ports such as Doncaster and those on the River Derwent, though there is some doubt as to whether the act was carried out.{{cite journal |last1=Willan |first1=T. S. |title=Yorkshire River Navigation 1600-1750 |journal=Geography |date=September 1937 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=192 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |issn=0016-7487}} In the 1830s, coal was being forwarded in to feed the gasworks adjacent to the wharf basin, and one of the wharf-keepers was running a passenger steam-packet service to Gainsborough.{{cite news |last1=Newton |first1=Grace |title=How Bawtry Wharf - Yorkshire's 12th-century inland port - could finally get listed protection over 100 years after it vanished from the landscape |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/how-bawtry-wharf-yorkshires-12th-century-inland-port-could-finally-get-listed-protection-over-100-years-after-it-vanished-from-the-landscape-4031934 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=19 February 2023}}

Traffic through the port started to decrease in the 1760s when the River Don was canalised to Rotherham, Tinsley and finally Sheffield. Previously, metal products from Sheffield and Hallamshire had been exported through Bawtry.{{cite book |last1=Baines |first1=Thomas |title=Yorkshire, past and present : a history and a description of the three ridings of the great County of York, from the earliest ages to the year 1870 ; with an account of its manufactures, commerce, and civil and mechanical engineering. 4, Div. 4 |date=1870 |publisher=Mackenzie |location=London |page=647|oclc=907849212 }} The Chesterfield Canal was also a factor in Bawtry's demise; it opened in 1777, and ran via Retford straight to Stockwith, cutting out Bawtry completely, although early surveys initially called for a waterway that connected into the River Idle at Bawtry.{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Chesterfield Canal |url=https://chesterfield-canal-trust.org.uk/off-the-water/history/a-brief-history-of-the-chesterfield-canal/ |website=chesterfield-canal-trust.org.uk |access-date=6 March 2023}} As the maritime trade and traffic was declining, the importance of Bawtry as a coaching town on the Great North Road was gaining significant trade.{{cite web |title=Bawtry Neighbourhood plan |url=https://dmbcwebstolive01.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Planning/Documents/Neighbourhood%20Plans/Bawtry%20NP/Bawtry%20NDP%20Adopted%20-%20Nov%202019.pdf |website=dmbcwebstolive01.blob.core.windows.net |access-date=5 March 2023 |page=10 |date=November 2019}}

Although the port was in a long slow decline by the arrival of the railways (it was described as being "inconsiderable" in 1813),{{sfn|Porteous|1977|p=32}} the waters of the River Idle were diverted away from the town in 1857 when the Great Northern Railway built a stone viaduct across the marshy ground to the east of Bawtry (replacing an earlier wooden one).{{cite web |title=View map: Ordnance Survey, Yorkshire 291 (includes: Harworth; Tickhill.) - Ordnance Survey Six-inch England and Wales, 1842-1952 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/102345205 |website=maps.nls.uk |access-date=6 March 2023 |quote=Bawtry showing the wharf and wooden viaduct top right}} At the same time they dug a new cut for the river, a straight channel {{convert|300|m|order=flip}} to the east, which bypassed the wharf.{{cite book |last1=Hey |first1=David |title=A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside |date=2015 |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |isbn=9781473834354 |page=134}}{{cite news |last1=Newton |first1=Grace |title=Fighting for heritage of port now lost to history |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=3 March 2023 |page=14|issn=0963-1496}} The right of navigation on the Idle still exists as far upstream as Bawtry,{{cite web |title=River Idle |url=https://waterways.org.uk/waterways/discover-the-waterways/river-idle |website=waterways.org.uk |access-date=5 March 2023}} and a warehouse likely to have been a storage area for the port still exists on Wharf Street.

{{reflist|group="note"}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Beresford |first1=M. W. |title=New towns of the Middle Ages : town plantation in England, Wales, and Gascony |date=1988 |publisher=A. Sutton |location=Gloucester |isbn=0862994306}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hey |first1=David |title=The making of South Yorkshire |date=1979 |publisher=Moorland Pub |location=Ashbourne |isbn=0903485443}}
• {{cite book |last1=Porteous |first1=J. Douglas |title=Canal ports : the urban achievement of the Canal Age |date=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0125619502}}

• [https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17.9&lat=53.42975&lon=-1.01714&layers=168&b=1 Bawtry in 1894-1914; use the slider on the bottom left to toggle between mapping and modern-day satellite imagery]
• [https://johnbirdstudio.co.uk/doncaster-gallery-artwork/margaret-clarkson/catching-on-copy/ Artists impression of the site {{circa|1700}}]

{{Ports of Yorkshire and the Humber}}

Category:Ports and harbours of Yorkshire

Category:Bawtry