Becky Sharp (film)

{{Short description|1935 film by Rouben Mamoulian, Lowell Sherman}}

{{Infobox film

| name = Becky Sharp

| image = Becky Sharp (1935 three-sheet poster).jpg

| alt =

| caption = Theatrical release poster

| director = Rouben Mamoulian

| producer = Kenneth Macgowan
Rouben Mamoulian
Robert Edmond Jones

| story = William Makepeace Thackeray
Langdon Mitchell

| based_on = {{Based on|Vanity Fair
1848 novel|William Makepeace Thackeray}}

| screenplay = Francis Edward Faragoh

| starring = Miriam Hopkins
Frances Dee
Cedric Hardwicke

| music = Roy Webb William Faversham

| cinematography = Ray Rennahan

| editing = Archie Marshek

| studio = Pioneer Pictures

| distributor = RKO Radio Pictures

| released = {{Film date|1935|06|13}}{{cite book|title=Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present|last=Brown|first=Gene|year=1995|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-02-860429-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow/page/124 124]|url=https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow/page/124}} In New York, the film premiered at Radio City Music Hall.

| runtime = 84 minutes

| country = United States

| language = English

| budget =

| gross =

}}

File:Becky Sharp (1935).webm

Becky Sharp is a 1935 American Technicolor historical drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Miriam Hopkins, who plays the eponymous protagonist. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Other supporting cast were William Faversham, Frances Dee, Cedric Hardwicke, Billie Burke, Alison Skipworth, Nigel Bruce, and Alan Mowbray.Milne, 1969 p. 165-166: Filmography

The film is based on the 1899 play of the same name by Langdon Mitchell, which in turn was based on William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 novel Vanity Fair.Jensen, 2024 p. 115 The film recounts the tale of a lower-class girl who insinuates herself into an upper-class family, only to see her life and the lives of those around her destroyed.Spergel, 1993 p. 57: Character sketch of Becky Sharp here.Jensen, 2024 p. 114: “Conniving, social-climbing Becky Sharp is one of the most famous characters in English literature…” The play was made famous in the late 1890s by actress Minnie Maddern Fiske. The screenplay was written by Francis Edward Faragoh.

The film was considered a landmark in cinema as the first feature film to use the newly developed three-strip Technicolor production throughout, opening the way for a growing number of color films to be made in Britain and the United States in the years leading up to World War II. Becky Sharp was, in effect, a "demonstration" picture, which served to showcase and validate this advanced technology in color.Jensen, 2024 p. 115Milne, 1969 p. 91: “...the first feature in the new three-color Technicolor process…it had been used for some time by Walt Disney cartoons.”

In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".{{cite magazine |last=Chow |first=Andrew R. |date=December 11, 2019 |title=See the 25 New Additions to the National Film Registry, From Purple Rain to Clerks |url= https://time.com/5747503/national-film-registry-2019-additions/ |magazine=Time |location=New York, NY |access-date=December 11, 2019}}{{Cite web|title=Women Rule 2019 National Film Registry|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-19-116/women-rule-2019-national-film-registry/2019-12-11/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Library of Congress}}{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Library of Congress}}

Plot

Becky Sharp (Miriam Hopkins), a socially ambitious young lady, manages to survive during the background years of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. Becky gradually climbs the British social ladder, overcoming poverty and class distinctions, through her best friend Amelia Sedley (Frances Dee), praising any rich man who will listen.

In her efforts to advance herself, she manages to connect with a number of gentlemen: the Marquis of Steyne (Cedric Hardwicke), Joseph Sedley (Nigel Bruce), Rawdon Crawley (Alan Mowbray), and George Osborne (G. P. Huntley Jr), the husband of Amelia.

She rises to the top of British society but becomes the scourge of the social circle, offending influential ladies such as Lady Bareacres (Billie Burke).

Sharp falls into the humiliation of singing for her meals in a beer hall, but she never stays down for long. At the end, she cons her last man and finally lands Amelia's brother, Joseph.Spergel, 1993 p. 157: See here for how the Becky Sharp character is portrayed in the film.Milne, 1969 pp. 91-100: Diffuse plot description.

Cast

Miriam Hopkins as Becky Sharp
Frances Dee as Amelia Sedley
Cedric Hardwicke as Marquis of Steyne
Billie Burke as Lady Bareacres
Alison Skipworth as Miss Crawley
Nigel Bruce as Joseph Sedley
Alan Mowbray as Rawdon Crawley
G. P. Huntley Jr. as George Osborne
William Stack as Pitt Crawley
George Hassell as Sir Pitt Crawley
William Faversham as Duke of Wellington
Charles Richman as General Tufto
Doris Lloyd as Duchess of Richmond
Colin Tapley as William Dobbin
Leonard Mudie as Tarquin
May Beatty as Briggs
Charles Coleman as Bowles
Bunny Beatty as Lady Blanche
Finis Barton as Miss Flowery
Olaf Hytten as The Prince Regent
Pauline Garon as Fifine
James 'Hambone' Robinson as Sedley's page
Elspeth Dudgeon as Miss Pinkerton
Tempe Pigott as The Charwoman
Ottola Nesmith as Lady Jane Crawley
Creighton Hale as British Officer (uncredited)

Production

File:Becky Sharp (1935) 8.jpg, Miriam Hopkins, visitor Michael Balcon, and Kenneth Macgowan on the set of Becky Sharp (1935)]]

John Hay "Jock" Whitney and Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney formed Pioneer Pictures specifically to produce color films, and signed a contract to release Pioneer films through RKO Radio Pictures.Milne, 1969 p. 91, p. 165-166: Filmography

Original director Lowell Sherman began filming on December 3, 1934. The early Technicolor systems required massive lighting, which generated high temperatures on the set. Moving between the hot interior and cool winter temperatures outdoors, Sherman contracted pneumonia and died in late December. Rouben Mamoulian was immediately enlisted to take over as director.Jensen 2024 p. 114-115Milne, 1969 p. 165-166: Filmography. Lowell died on December 28, 1934 Sherman’s footage was retained, and Mamoulian shaped his subsequent Technicolor scenes based on the original script.Jensen, 2024 p. 116-117{{cite news|newspaper=Variety|title=Lowell Sherman's Last|date=January 1, 1935|page=2|url=https://archive.org/stream/variety117-1935-01#page/n1/mode/2up/search/%22Lowell+Sherman%22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=3647 |title=Becky Sharp: Detail View |publisher=American Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403034620/http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=3647 |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 2, 2016 |df=mdy }}

=Color development=

Becky Sharp was the first feature film to use the three-strip Technicolor process, which created a separate film register for each of the three primary colors, for the entirety of the film.Technicolor's earlier processes did not include a blue register, just green and red.Danks, 2007: “...the first three-strip Technicolor feature, Becky Sharp…”Milne, 1969 p. 91: “...the first feature in the new three-color Technicolor process.”

Earlier live action films to use the new Technicolor process for part of the film include the final musical number in the feature The Cat and the Fiddle released by MGM in February 1934, and in short sequences filmed for other movies made during 1934, including The House of Rothschild (Twentieth Century Pictures/United Artists) with George Arliss and Kid Millions (Samuel Goldwyn/United Artists) with Eddie Cantor. Warner Brothers released two Leon Errol shorts, Service with a Smile (July 28, 1934) and Good Morning, Eve! (September 22, 1934), and RKO Pictures released the short La Cucaracha (August 31, 1934).Milne, 1969 p. 91: “Pioneer pictures…had made a very successful start in July 1934 with a short film, La Cucaracha, designed by Robert Edmund Jones and directed by Lloyd Corrigan.”Spergel, 1993 p. 156

Reception

Writing for The Spectator, Graham Greene raved that "colour is everything here" and characterizing its use in the film as "a triumph". Although Greene complained that the Technicolor "plays havoc with the women's faces", leveled criticism at Hopkins for her "indecisive acting", and noted that he had found the film's climax in Bath to be "absurd" and "silly", he described these minor complaints as "ungrateful" and his overall impression was that the film gave "delight to the eye".{{cite journal |last= Greene|first= Graham|author-link= Graham Greene|date= 19 July 1935|title= Becky Sharp/Public Hero No. 1/Barcarole|journal= The Spectator}} (reprinted in: {{cite book|editor-last= Taylor|editor-first= John Russell|editor-link= John Russell Taylor|date= 1980|title= The Pleasure Dome|url= https://archive.org/details/pleasuredomegrah00gree/page/8|page= [https://archive.org/details/pleasuredomegrah00gree/page/8 8]|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 0192812866}})

Retrospective appraisal

{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=cornsilk|fontsize=100%|salign=center|quote=“Mamoulian was fascinated by color…He saw in the color process another opportunity for innovations that would set a standard for the new technology...His interest lay in choosing color for psychological effect rather than mere realistic reproduction or decorative dividends. With the advent of color processing, particularly Technicolor processing—with its non-realistic, supersaturated color—Mamoulian could approach the film medium like a painter with a palette.” — Film historian Marc Spergel in Reinventing Reality: The Art and Life of Rouben Mamoulian (1993)Spergel, 1993 p. 155}}Film historian Tom Milne on the new technology in a feature film:

{{blockquote | Becky Sharp is still a strikingly beautiful film, using color as delicately as Wedgwood china; and it may also lay a reasonable claim to being the first film to have used color throughout to dramatic rather than decorative ends.Milne, 1969 p. 91Spergel, 1993 p. 157: See here for same Milne, quoted by Spergel.}}

=The opening Waterloo “grand ball” sequence=

This “celebrated” and “famed “ sequence occurs at the estate of the Duchess of Richmond near the tiny Belgian village of Waterloo as French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte approaches at the head of his army.Jensen, 2024 p. 116-117

The Duchess is presiding over a grand ball, the guests members of the European ruling elite. The Duke of Wellington arrives and warns the complacent company that a military engagement with Napoleon is imminent. An ominous rumbling is heard in the distance. The guests hesitate, then continue to dance. A second rumble occurs, closer, then suddenly the windows burst open, and flashes of gunfire and cannon are seen. The color of the film changes from white, to green, to yellow, to red, then is drenched in scarlett as one of the bloodiest and socially significant battles in European history begins to unfold.Milne, 1969 p. 91-92, p. 93Spergel, 1993 p. 157: See here, Spergel quotes from Milne.

Director Rouben Mamoulian wrote in Picturegoer shortly after the film’s release: “Colour, as you know, is symbolic,” adding “It is a sequence in which dialogue is of no moment…the lighting as well as the costumes contrives to accentuate the mounting drama of the scene” culminating in “red all over the action.”Milne, 1969 p. 93Callahan, 2007: “...the editing of the exciting Waterloo ball sequence in Becky Sharp (1935) has a logic and build that is musical.”

Milne adds: “The Waterloo sequence is the dramatic highlight of the film...elsewhere, color is used less ostentatiously but equally theatrically.”Milne, 1969 p. 93: “Theatrical, in fact, is the key word for Becky Sharp.”Spergel, 1993 p. 155: Mamoulian “achieved spectacular effect with color in Becky Sharp…”

Awards and honors

Wins

Venice Film Festival: Best Color Film, Rouben Mamoulian, 1935{{cite web |title=Cinema: Rewards in Venice |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,749045,00.html |publisher=Time |access-date=29 March 2022 |date=16 September 1935 |quote=Cup for the best color film: RKO's Becky Sharp}}

Nominations

Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role, Miriam Hopkins, 1935
Venice Film Festival: Mussolini Cup, Rouben Mamoulian, 1935

Preservation status

For many years, the original three-color Technicolor version of the film was not available for viewing, though a 16 millimeter version was available. This version had been printed (poorly) on two-color Cinecolor stock which did not accurately reproduce the colors of the original film. The smaller film gauge also resulted in a grainier, inferior image.

= UCLA Film and Television Archive Restoration =

Beginning in the 1980s, the UCLA Film and Television Archive restored the film, under the supervision of archivist Robert Gitt. Director Rouben Mamoulian appeared at the premiere of the restored print at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences theatre in Beverly Hills.

Stage 1 was completed in 1984. For stage 2 (around 1988), Italian print elements, which allowed the picture on the last reel to be upgraded, while the somewhat splicey English soundtrack, were edited to fit the Italian print material. For stage 3, completed in 2002, a print was obtained from the Netherlands that allowed improvement in both picture and sound quality.[https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/restoration/becky-sharp-restoration Becky Sharp Restoration] at the UCLA Film & Television Archive website

Notes

References

Callahan, Dan. 2007. "The Strange Case of Rouben Mamoulian". Slant Magazine, September 4, 2007. https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-strange-case-of-rouben-mamoulian/ Retrieved 19 June 2024.
Danks, Adrian. 2007. Rouben Mamoulian. Senses of Cinema, February, 2007. Great Directors Issue 42 https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2007/great-directors/mamoulian/Mamoulian, Rouben Retrieved 19 June 2024.
Jensen, Kurt. 2024. Peerless: Rouben Mamoulian, Hollywood, and Broadway. University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin Film Studies, Patrick McGilligan, series editor. {{ISBN | 978-0-299-34820-5}}
Milne, Tom. 1969. Rouben Mamoulian. The Cinema One Series, Thames and Hudson Limited, London. Catalog no. 500-47012 X
Spergel, Mark. 1993. Reinventing Reality: The Art and Life of Rouben Mamoulian. The Scarecrow Press, Filmmakers series No. 57, Anthony Slide, editor. {{ISBN | 0-8108-2721-2}}

External links

{{YouTube|j4KpkVJ3OPk|Becky Sharp}}
{{AFI film|3647}}
{{IMDb title|0026104|Becky Sharp}}
{{TCMDb title|id=68317}}
[http://www.filmreference.com/Films-Aw-Be/Becky-Sharp.html Becky Sharp] at Film Reference web site.
{{Internet Archive film|id=Becky_Sharp_|name=Becky Sharp}}
[https://archive.org/download/OTRR_Theatre_Royal_Singles/Theatre_Royal_54-07-21_ep42_Becky_Sharpe_-_Vanity_Fair.mp3 Becky Sharp] on Theatre Royal: July 21, 1954
{{rotten-tomatoes|id=becky_sharp|title=Becky Sharp}}