Beehive fence

{{Short description|Elephant deterrent infrastructure}}

File:Save the elephants bee hive fence.jpg

A beehive fence is a fence which is built to deter elephants based on their natural fear of bees. The fence is set up off the ground at chest height and contains hives spaced every 10 metres.{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Dr. Lucy E. |date=2019 |title=Beehive Fence Construction Manual |url=https://elephantsandbees.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LKING-2019-Beehive-Fence-Construction-Manual-4th-edition.pdf |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=beesandelephants.com |publisher=The Elephants and Bees Project |location=Nairobi, Kenya |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119105644/https://elephantsandbees.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LKING-2019-Beehive-Fence-Construction-Manual-4th-edition.pdf |url-status=live }} If an elephant disturbs the fence, then the hives shake and the bees become agitated, and the elephants are deterred.{{Cite journal |last=Enukwa |first=Ettagbor Hans |date=2017-10-30 |title=Human-Elephant conflict mitigation methods: A review of effectiveness and sustainability |url=https://www.wildlife-biodiversity.com/index.php/jwb/article/view/19 |journal=Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=69–78 |doi=10.22120/jwb.2017.28260 |issn=2588-3526 |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316165910/https://wildlife-biodiversity.com/index.php/jwb/article/view/19 |url-status=live }} Elephants communicate the presence of bees to other elephants and thus tend to avoid the area.{{Cite journal |last1=Wijayagunawardane |first1=Missaka P. B. |last2=Short |first2=Roger V. |last3=Samarakone |first3=Thusith S. |last4=Nishany |first4=K. B. Madhuka |last5=Harrington |first5=Helena |last6=Perera |first6=B. V. P. |last7=Rassool |first7=Roger |last8=Bittner |first8=Evan P. |date=2016-04-27 |title=The use of audio playback to deter crop-raiding Asian elephants: Vocalizations to Deter Crop-raiding Elephants |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.652 |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=375–379 |doi=10.1002/wsb.652 |hdl=11343/291215 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429003943/https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.652 |url-status=live }}

The approach has been largely successful, reducing conflict between humans and elephants by up to 85%.{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Lucy E. |last2=Lala |first2=Fredrick |last3=Nzumu |first3=Hesron |last4=Mwambingu |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Douglas-Hamilton |first5=Iain |date=2017-02-21 |title=Beehive fences as a multidimensional conflict-mitigation tool for farmers coexisting with elephants |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28221699/ |journal=Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=743–752 |doi=10.1111/cobi.12898 |issn=1523-1739 |pmid=28221699 |bibcode=2017ConBi..31..743K |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223135911/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28221699/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last1=Water |first1=Antoinette |last2=King |first2=Lucy E. |last3=Arkajak |first3=Rachaya |last4=Arkajak |first4=Jirachai |last5=Doormaal |first5=Nick |last6=Ceccarelli |first6=Viviana |last7=Sluiter |first7=Liesbeth |last8=Doornwaard |first8=Suzan M. |last9=Praet |first9=Vera |last10=Owen |first10=David |last11=Matteson |first11=Kevin |date=2020-08-20 |title=Beehive fences as a sustainable local solution to human-elephant conflict in Thailand |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ace78350-2d6e-43e1-ac47-6a0eab8ac79c/files/s0p0967216 |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |language=en |volume=2 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/csp2.260 |s2cid=221406535 |issn=2578-4854 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ConSP...2E.260V |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301163342/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ace78350-2d6e-43e1-ac47-6a0eab8ac79c/files/s0p0967216 |url-status=live }} In addition to minimising conflicts between humans and elephants, the beehives can also serve as an additional source of income via the sale of the honey produced.

Beehive fences were invented by Lucy King, a zoologist at Save the Elephants,{{Cite news |last1=Zomorodi |first1=Manoush |last2=Faulkner-White |first2=Rachel |last3=Meshkinpour |first3=Sanaz |date=2020-09-04 |title=What humans can learn from animals about living in harmony |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/04/909193427/lucy-king-how-can-bees-keep-the-peace-between-elephants-and-humans |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316165912/https://www.npr.org/2020/09/04/909193427/lucy-king-how-can-bees-keep-the-peace-between-elephants-and-humans |url-status=live }} who noticed that elephants avoided acacia trees that had bee colonies. The inventor received the 2013 St. Andrews Prize for the Environment.{{Cite web |title=University of St Andrews news |url=https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/the-elephants-and-the-bees/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223133418/https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/the-elephants-and-the-bees/ |url-status=live }}

Like electric fences, beehive fences require maintenance.{{Cite journal |last1=Montgomery |first1=Robert A. |last2=Raupp |first2=Jamie |last3=Mukhwana |first3=Methodius |last4=Greenleaf |first4=Ashley |last5=Mudumba |first5=Tutilo |last6=Muruthi |first6=Philip |date=2022-03-01 |title=The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x |journal=Ambio |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=716–727 |doi=10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x |issn=1654-7209 |pmc=8800974 |pmid=34173175 |bibcode=2022Ambio..51..716M |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429003933/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-021-01587-x |url-status=live }} Criticisms of beehive fences include difficulties and costs involved in maintaining large colonies of bees, as well as the potential for ineffectiveness if there are too few bees or if the elephants knock over beehives while advancing. The species of bee used is also important, with one honeybee subspecies commonly kept in Asia believed to be less aggressive to elephants. Work continues to refine approaches to optimize the design of the beehive fences for different regions.{{cite web | last=Latam | first=Mongabay | title=Beehive fences can help mitigate human-elephant conflict | website=Mongabay Environmental News | date=September 11, 2019 | url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/beehive-fences-can-help-mitigate-human-elephant-conflict/ | access-date=February 11, 2025}}