Bees in mythology

File:Plaque bee-goddess BM GR1860.4-123.4.jpg or perhaps an older goddess,{{efn|One was illustrated in a line drawing in Harrison 1922:443, fig 135{{sfnp|Harrison|1922|page=443}} }}Cook, Arthur Bernard. "The bee in Greek mythology" 1895 Journal of the Hellenic Society 15 pages 1–24 found at Camiros, Rhodes, dated to 7th century BCE (British Museum).]]

Bees have been featured in myth and folklore around the world. Honey and beeswax have been important resources for humans since at least the Mesolithic period, and as a result humans' relationship with bees—particularly honey bees—has ranged from encounters with wild bees (both prehistorically and in the present day) to keeping them agriculturally.{{cite journal|last1=Dams|first1=M.|last2=Dams|first2=L.|title=Spanish Rock Art Depicting Honey Gathering During the Mesolithic|journal=Nature|date=21 July 1977|volume=268|issue=5617|pages=228–230|doi=10.1038/268228a0|bibcode=1977Natur.268..228D|s2cid=4177275}}{{cite book |last1=Crane |first1=Eva |title=The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting |date=1999 |publisher=Duckworth |location=London |isbn=9780715628270 }} Bees themselves are often characterized as magically imbued creatures and their honey as a divine gift. Bees hold a special status in some cultures: in Albanian{{sfn|Dedvukaj|2025|p=6}} and Lithuanian{{cite book|last1=Norkūnas|first1=Romas|last2=Pugačiauskienė|first2=Virginija|editor=Virginija Drobelytė|translator=Inga Baranauskienė|title=Tree Beekeeping from Generation to Generation|publisher=Directorate of Dzukija National Park and Cepkeliai State Nature Reserve and Nature Heritage Fund|year=2022|isbn=978-9986-553-14-4|url=https://www.eni-cbc.eu/llb/data/public/uploads/2024/08/bites2_en_pdf.pdf}} languages, the words employed to speak about a bee's death are the same as those for a human death and different from those for an animal death, underlining the sacredness of bees.

Mythology and folklore

=African mythology=

The Kalahari Desert's San people tell of a bee that carried a mantis across a river. The exhausted bee left the mantis on a floating flower but planted a seed in the mantis's body before it died. The seed grew to become the first human.{{cite web |last=Chrigi-in-Africa |title=The First Bushman / San |url=http://www.gateway-africa.com/stories/The_First_Bushman_San.html |publisher=Gateway Africa |access-date=30 March 2017}}

In Egyptian mythology, bees grew from the tears of the sun god Ra when they landed on the desert sand.{{cite news |last=Norton |first=Holly |title=Honey, I love you: our 40,000-year relationship with the humble bee |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/may/24/honey-i-love-you-our-40000-year-relationship-with-the-humble-bee |work=The Guardian |date=24 May 2017}}

The Baganda people of Uganda tell the legend of Kintu, the first man on earth. Kintu lived alone, save for his cow. One day he asked Ggulu, who lived in heaven, for permission to marry his daughter Nambi. Ggulu sent Kintu a trial of five tests to pass before he would agree. For his final test, Kintu was told to pick Ggulu's own cow out from a group of cattle. Nambi aided Kintu in this final test by transforming herself into a bee and whispering into his ear to choose the one whose horn she landed upon.{{cite book |last=McLeish |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth McLeish |title=Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth |date=1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-7475-2502-8 |url=https://corp.credoreference.com/component/booktracker/edition/294.html}}{{cite web |editor-last1=Ssemakula |editor-first1=James |display-editors=etal |title=Kintu the Person vs Kintu the Legend |url=http://www.buganda.com/kintu.htm |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190315/http://www.buganda.com/kintu.htm |url-status=dead }}{{Cite journal|last=Yoder|first=John|date=1988|title=The Quest for Kintu and the Search for Peace: Mythology and Morality in Nineteenth-Century Buganda|journal=History in Africa|volume=15|pages=365|doi=10.2307/3171868|issn=0361-5413|jstor=3171868|s2cid=145063130 }}{{cite web |title=Kintu – The First Human in Buganda |archive-date=18 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118182836/http://bedsidereadings.com/folk-tales/kintu-the-first-human-in-buganda/ |url=http://bedsidereadings.com/folk-tales/kintu-the-first-human-in-buganda/ |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 April 2014}}

=Mayan mythology=

File:Mayan - Cylinder Vessel - Walters 482776 - Side B.jpg.]]

In Mayan mythology, Ah-Muzen-Cab is one of the Maya gods of bees and honey.{{cite book|author=Milbrath, Susan|title=Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=0-292-75225-3|series=The Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies|location=Austin|pages=162|oclc=40848420}} One of the Maya Hero Twins, Xbalanque, is also associated with bees and beekeeping under the name or aspect of Mok Chi'.{{cite web|url=http://www.famsi.org/research/kerr/articles/xbalanque/index.html|author=Kerr, Justin|title=The Transformation of Xbalanqué or The Many Faces of God A1}} Hobnil, the Bacab who represents the East, may be associated with bees and beehives.{{Cite journal |last1=Paris |first1=Elizabeth H. |last2=Peraza Lope |first2=Carlos |last3=Masson |first3=Marilyn A. |last4=Delgado Kú |first4=Pedro C. |last5=Escamilla Ojeda |first5=Bárbara C. |date=2018-12-01 |title=The organization of stingless beekeeping (Meliponiculture) at Mayapán, Yucatan, Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |language=en |volume=52 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2018.07.004 |s2cid=149734608 |issn=0278-4165|doi-access=free }}

=Asian mythology=

According to Hittite mythology, the god of agriculture, Telipinu, went on a rampage and refused to allow anything to grow and animals would not produce offspring. The gods went in search of Telipinu only to fail. Then the goddess Ḫannaḫanna sent forth a bee to bring him back. The bee found Telipinu, stung him and smeared wax upon him. The god grew even angrier and it was not until the goddess Kamrusepa (or a mortal priest, according to some references) used a ritual to send his anger to the Underworld that Telipinu was calmed.{{Cite book |last1=Hoffner |first1=Harry A. |title=Hittite Myths |last2=Beckman |first2=Gary M. |publisher=Scholars Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0788504884 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |pages=15–16, 20, 22}}

In Hindu mythology, Bhramari was summoned by the gods to kill the demon Arunasura who took over the heavens and the three worlds. To kill Arunasura, she stung him numerous times with the help of innumerable black bees emerging from her body. The gods were finally able to take control of the heavens and the celestial worlds again.{{cite web |url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk10ch13.htm#page_1046 |title=The Devi Bhagavatam: The Tenth Book: Chapter 13| website=sacred-texts.com |access-date=17 October 2017}} In addition, the Hindu love god Kamadeva's bowstring is made of sugarcane, covered in bees.{{cite book |author=Beer, Robert |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC&pg=PA122 |year=2003 |publisher=Serindia Publications |isbn=978-1-932476-03-3 |page=122}}

In mythology found in Indian, ancient Near East and Aegean cultures, the bee was believed to be the sacred insect that bridged the natural world to the underworld.{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Arthur Bernard |title=The Bee in Greek Mythology |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |date=November 1895 |volume=15 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.2307/624058|jstor=624058 |s2cid=161354512 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1714309 }}{{cite book |last1=Ransome |first1=Hilda M. |title=The Sacred Bee in Ancient Times and Folklore |date=1937 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |pages=19–41}}{{cite journal |last1=Karttunen |first1=Klaus |title=Bhramarotpītādharaḥ: Bees in Classical India |journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica |date=2009 |volume=107 |pages=89–134 |language=en |issn=2323-5209}}

=European mythology=

Greek mythology has several gods who are associated with bees. Aristaeus is the god of beekeeping. After inadvertently causing the death of Eurydice, who stepped upon a snake while fleeing him, her nymph sisters punished him by killing every one of his bees. Witnessing the empty hives where his bees had dwelt, Aristaeus wept and consulted Proteus who advised him to honor the memory of Eurydice by sacrificing four bulls and four cows. Upon doing so, he let them rot and from their corpses rose new bees to fill his empty hives. Prophecy in Ancient Greece seems to have been associated with bees. The Homeric Hymn to Hermes acknowledges that Apollo's gift of prophecy first came to him from three bee-maidens, usually but doubtfully identified with the Thriae, a trinity of pre-Hellenic Aegean bee goddesses.Scheinberg, Susan 1979. "The Bee Maidens of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83(1979), pp. 1–28. In addition, the Oracle of Delphi is referred to as "the Delphian bee" by Pindar.{{efn|Melissa Delphis, according to Pindar's Fourth Pythian Ode, 60.}}{{sfnp|Harrison|1922|page=442}}

In Mycenaean Greek and Minoan myth, the bee was an emblem of Potnia, an ancient equivalent of 'Dulcis Virgo' also referred to as the "Pure Mother Bee".G.W. Elderkin (1939) "The Bee of Artemis" The American Journal of Philology 60 pp. 203–213 Her priestesses received the name of Melissa, ("bee").Neustadt, Ernst 1906. [https://archive.org/details/dejovecretico00unkngoog De Jove cretico], (dissertation, Berlin). Chapter III "de Melissa dea" discusses bee-goddesses and bee-priestesses in Crete Artemis in Crete was in particular designated by the adjective 'Britomartis' (Βριτομάρτις) as 'vrito-' had the meaning of 'sweet' and was used interchangeably to signify 'melissa' (bee).{{cite journal |last1=Elderkin |first1=G. W. |title=The Bee of Artemis |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1939 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=203–213 |doi=10.2307/291201 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/291201 |issn=0002-9475|url-access=subscription }} According to the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry, the priestesses of Demeter were also called "Melissae", and Melissa was a name of Artemis. This name also designated the goddess's priestesses in the temple of Artemis Ephesia {{sfnp|Harrison|1922|page=442}} Melisseus was the god of honey and bees, whose daughters Ida and Adrasteia fed the infant Zeus with milk and honey when his mother hid him from Cronus.{{cite web |title=Melisseus |url=https://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KoureteMelisseus.html |publisher=Theoi Project |access-date=30 October 2021}}

In European folklore and custom, telling the bees of important events in the family (particularly births and deaths) was vital to keep the bees content and happy in their hive.{{cite book|author=Steve Roud|title=The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Mc4qPiICvcC&pg=PT128|date=6 April 2006|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-194162-2|page=128}}

In Britain and Ireland there is a folklore where if a bumblebee buzzes around your window at home, there is a guest that will arrive soon. The bumblebee even tells the gender of the visitor based on the tail of the bee. Red means the visitor is male, white means the visitor is a female. It is even said that if you are to kill the bee, the visitor will bring nothing but bad luck.{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=The Bee in Folklore & Mythology |url=https://wysewitchuk.wordpress.com/2018/03/15/the-bee-in-folklore-mythology/#:~:text=The%20Ancients%20had%20several%20Bee,Brighid%2C%20Rhea%2C%20and%20Vishnu. |access-date=12 December 2024 |website=WyseWitchUK}}

The Ancients had several Bee Gods and Goddesses, such as the Lithuanian Bee Goddess Austėja and her husband the Bee God Bubilas, the Roman Goddess Mellonia and the Slavic God Zosim; bees were also associated with other Deities such as Artemis, Aphrodite, Brighid, Rhea, and Vishnu.

Bees have a special status for Albanians. The bee is considered a sacred animal, associated with human life. When an animal ceases to live, Albanians use the verb ngordh or cof; when a bee ceases to live, they use the verb vdes (which is used to refer to human death). Meaning that for Albanians bees are beings of a higher caste, like humans.{{cite book |last=Tirta |first=Mark |title=Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë |trans-title=Mythology among the Albanians |language=sq |editor=Petrit Bezhani |publisher=Mësonjëtorja |year=2004 |place=Tirana |isbn=99927-938-9-9|pp=62–68}}{{sfn|Dedvukaj|2025|p=6}} The bee also has a special status in the Albanian customary law – the Kanun – which dedicates specific laws that deal with beehive possession, damage and theft, the value of the bee, and the ownership of swarms of bees.{{cite journal|last=Dedvukaj|first=Lindon|title=The ‘queen bee’ of the highlands: An etymological analysis of the Albanian xhubleta|journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|doi=10.3765/plsa.v10i1.5881|volume=10|number=1|year=2025|doi-access=free|p=6}}

Explanatory notes

References

= Citations =

= General and cited sources =

{{Cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Jane Ellen |author-link=Jane Ellen Harrison |date=1922 |orig-date=1903 |title=Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harrrich/mode/2up |edition=3rd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harrrich/page/90/mode/2up 91] & [https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harrrich/page/442/mode/2up 442f]}}