Behavioral addiction

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) recognized behavioral addictions for the first time in DSM-5 with gambling disorder, formerly pathological gambling, as the only non-substance-related disorder classified under the chapter of "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders".{{Cite book |last=Petry |first=Nancy |title=Behavioral Addictions: DSM-5 and Beyond |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780199391554 |pages=1–5 |language=en}} Internet gaming addiction was included in the appendix as a condition for further study.{{cite journal |last1=Kuss |first1=Daria |year=2013 |title=Internet gaming addiction: current perspectives |journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=125–137 |doi=10.2147/PRBM.S39476 |pmc=3832462 |pmid=24255603 |doi-access=free}} Although "addiction" is commonly used to describe repetitive harmful behavior in nonmedical settings,{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2022-03-18 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |edition=DSM-5-TR |pages=914 |language=en |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid=249488050 }} DSM-5 recommended the neutral term "disorder" instead of "addiction" under the clinical settings to avoid uncertain definition and potentially negative connotation.{{Cite book |last=American Psychiatric Association |url=https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2022-03-18 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6 |edition=DSM-5-TR |pages=543 |language=en |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787|s2cid=249488050 }}

Similar to the changes in DSM-5, the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) introduced the category "Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviours," based on the diagnostic framework of impaired control, repetitive harmful behavior, and continuation or escalation despite negative consequences.{{Cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Dan J. |last2=Szatmari |first2=Peter |last3=Gaebel |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Berk |first4=Michael |last5=Vieta |first5=Eduard |last6=Maj |first6=Mario |last7=de Vries |first7=Ymkje Anna |last8=Roest |first8=Annelieke M. |last9=de Jonge |first9=Peter |last10=Maercker |first10=Andreas |last11=Brewin |first11=Chris R. |last12=Pike |first12=Kathleen M. |last13=Grilo |first13=Carlos M. |last14=Fineberg |first14=Naomi A. |last15=Briken |first15=Peer |date=27 January 2020 |title=Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies |journal=BMC Medicine |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.1186/s12916-020-1495-2 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=6983973 |pmid=31983345 |doi-access=free }} The new sub-category "Disorders due to addictive behaviours" included gambling disorder (formerly under the habit and impulse disorders), gaming disorder (a new diagnosis), and two residual categories (other specified and unspecified) to raise attention among clinicians and the public and to facilitate further research.{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/499894965 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=World Health Organization |language=en |publication-place=Geneva}}

In 2019, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) revised its definition of addiction including substance use and compulsive behaviors, stating: "addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences."{{Cite web |date=15 September 2019 |title=What is the Definition of Addiction? |url=https://www.asam.org/quality-care/definition-of-addiction |archive-url=https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/quality-science/asam's-2019-definition-of-addiction-(1).pdf?sfvrsn=b8b64fc2_2 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=American Society of Addiction Medicine |language=en}}

Other addictive behaviors which have received research attention but with insufficient or inconclusive evidence include pornography use disorder, compulsive buying disorder, social network use disorder, work addiction, exercise addiction, compulsive sexual behavior disorder, and food addiction.{{Cite journal |last1=Brand |first1=Matthias |last2=Rumpf |first2=Hans-JÜrgen |last3=Demetrovics |first3=Zsolt |last4=MÜller |first4=Astrid |last5=Stark |first5=Rudolf |last6=King |first6=Daniel L. |last7=Goudriaan |first7=Anna E. |last8=Mann |first8=Karl |last9=Trotzke |first9=Patrick |last10=Fineberg |first10=Naomi A. |last11=Chamberlain |first11=Samuel R. |last12=Kraus |first12=Shane W. |last13=Wegmann |first13=Elisa |last14=Billieux |first14=JoËl |last15=Potenza |first15=Marc N. |date=2020-06-30 |title=Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of "other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors"? |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/aop/article-10.1556-2006.2020.00035/article-10.1556-2006.2020.00035.xml |journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=150–159 |doi=10.1556/2006.2020.00035 |issn=2062-5871 |pmc=9295220 |pmid=32634114}}{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark D. |date=2022-07-13 |title=Disorders due to addictive behaviors: Further issues, debates, and controversies •: Commentary to the debate: "Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11" |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/11/2/article-p180.xml |journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=180–185 |doi=10.1556/2006.2022.00025 |issn=2062-5871 |pmc=9295243 |pmid=35895451}}{{Cite journal |last1=Hauck |first1=Carolin |last2=Cook |first2=Brian |last3=Ellrott |first3=Thomas |date=20 November 2019 |title=Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders |journal=Proceedings of the Nutrition Society |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1017/S0029665119001162 |pmid=31744566 |s2cid=208186539 |issn=0029-6651|doi-access=free }}

{{main|Exercise addiction}}

Exercise addiction is a state characterized by a compulsive engagement in any form of physical exercise, despite negative consequences. While regular exercise is generally a healthy activity, exercise addiction generally involves performing excessive amounts of exercise to the detriment of physical health, spending too much time exercising to the detriment of personal and professional life, and exercising regardless of physical injury.{{cite journal | vauthors = Landolfi E | title = Exercise addiction | journal = Sports Med | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–9 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23329605 | doi = 10.1007/s40279-012-0013-x | s2cid = 35726964 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Sussman S, Lisha N, Griffiths M |title=Prevalence of the addictions: a problem of the majority or the minority? |journal=Eval Health Prof |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=3–56 |date=March 2011 |pmid=20876085 |pmc=3134413 |doi=10.1177/0163278710380124}} It may also involve a state of dependence upon regular exercise which involves the occurrence of severe withdrawal symptoms when the individual is unable to exercise. Differentiating between addictive and healthy exercise behaviors is difficult but there are key factors in determining which category a person may fall into.{{cite journal |vauthors=Krivoshchekov SG, Lushnikov ON |title=[Psychophysiology of sports addiction (exercises addiction)] |language=ru |journal=Fiziol Cheloveka |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=135–40 |year=2011 |pmid=21950095 |doi=10.1134/S0362119711030030|s2cid=20543670 }} Exercise addiction shows a high comorbidity with eating disorders.{{cite journal |vauthors=Demetrovics Z, Kurimay T |title=[Exercise addiction: a literature review] |language=hu |journal=Psychiatr Hung |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–41 |year=2008 |pmid=18956613 }}

Exercise addiction is not listed as a disorder in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). This type of addiction can be classified under a behavioral addiction in which a person's behavior becomes obsessive, compulsive, and/or causes dysfunction in a person's life.{{MEDRS|date=November 2011}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Villella C, Martinotti G, Di Nicola M |title=Behavioural addictions in adolescents and young adults: results from a prevalence study |journal=J Gambl Stud |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=203–14 |date=June 2011 |pmid=20559694 |doi=10.1007/s10899-010-9206-0|s2cid=19239770 |display-authors=etal}}

{{main|Problem gambling}}

{{Infobox medical condition

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| synonyms = Ludopathy, ludomania, degenerate gambling, gambling addiction, compulsive gambling, gambling disorder

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| symptoms = Spending a lot of money and time in casino/sports betting, Video game addiction{{cite journal |title= Adolescents and loot boxes: links with problem gambling and motivations for purchase |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=June 2019 |volume=6 |issue=6 |author=David Zendle |author2=Rachel Meyer |author3=Harriet Over |page=190049 |doi=10.1098/rsos.190049 |pmid=31312481 |pmc=6599795 |bibcode=2019RSOS....690049Z |doi-access=free}}

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Problem gambling, ludopathy{{Cite book |last=Zollinger |first=Manfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f_dCwAAQBAJ |title=Random Riches: Gambling Past & Present |date=2016-03-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-07156-3 |page=34 |access-date=2024-10-30}} or ludomania is repetitive gambling behavior despite harm and negative consequences. Problem gambling may be diagnosed as a mental disorder according to DSM-5 if certain diagnostic criteria are met. Pathological gambling is a common disorder associated with social and family costs.

The DSM-5 has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder, with those affected exhibiting many similarities to those with substance addictions. The term gambling addiction has long been used in the recovery movement.{{cite book |last=Eades |first=John |year=2003 |title=Gambling Addiction: The Problem, the Pain, and the Path to Recovery |publisher=Vine Books |isbn=978-0-8307-3425-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gamblingaddictio00john }}{{Page needed |date=May 2012}} Pathological gambling was long considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be an impulse-control disorder rather than an addiction.{{cite journal |last=Petry |first=Nancy |title=Should the Scope of Addictive Behaviors be Broadened to Include Pathological Gambling? |journal=Addiction |date=September 2006 |volume=101 |issue=s1 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01593.x |pages=152–60 |pmid=16930172 }} However, data suggests a closer relationship between pathological gambling and substance use disorders than exists between PG and obsessive–compulsive disorder, mainly because the behaviors in problem gambling and most primary substance use disorders (i.e., those not resulting from a desire to "self-medicate" for another condition such as depression) seek to activate the brain's reward mechanisms, while the behaviors characterizing obsessive-compulsive disorder are prompted by overactive and misplaced signals from the brain's fear mechanisms.{{cite journal |last1=Potenza |first1=M. N. |title=The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 October 2008 |volume=363 |issue=1507 |pages=3181–3189 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0100 |pmc=2607329 |pmid=18640909}}

Problem gambling is an addictive behavior with a high comorbidity with alcohol problems.{{Cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Jon E. |last2=Chamberlain |first2=Samuel R. |date=2020-04-20 |title=Gambling and substance use: Comorbidity and treatment implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278584619307456 |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry |volume=99 |pages=109852 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109852 |pmid=31881248 |issn=0278-5846|url-access=subscription }} A common tendency shared by people who have a gambling addiction is impulsivity.

{{Excerpt|Internet addiction disorder}}

{{Excerpt|Porn addiction}}

{{Excerpt|Sexual addiction}}

{{Excerpt|Shopping addiction}}

{{Excerpt|Video game addiction}}

{{Excerpt|Work addiction}}

Behavioral addiction is a treatable condition.{{Citation |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Kenneth Paul |title=An Introduction to Behavioral Addictions |date=2014 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407724-9.00001-x |work=Behavioral Addictions |pages=1–17 |access-date=2023-11-03 |publisher=Elsevier |last2=Feder |first2=Laura Curtiss|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-407724-9.00001-x |isbn=9780124077249 |url-access=subscription }} Treatment options include psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy (i.e., medications) or a combination of both. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common form of psychotherapy used in treating behavioral addictions; it focuses on identifying patterns that trigger compulsive behavior and making lifestyle changes to promote healthier behaviors. Because cognitive behavioral therapy is considered a short-term therapy, the number of sessions for treatment normally ranges from five to twenty.{{Cite journal |last=Bannink |first=F. P. |date=2013-06-26 |title=Positive CBT: From Reducing Distress to Building Success |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10879-013-9239-7 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1007/s10879-013-9239-7 |s2cid=24029889 |issn=0022-0116|url-access=subscription }} During the session, therapists will lead patients through the topics of identifying the issue, becoming aware of one's thoughts surrounding the issue, identifying any negative or false thinking, and reshaping said negative and false thinking. While CBT does not cure behavioral addiction, it does help with coping with the condition in a healthy way. Currently, there are no medications approved for treatment of behavioral addictions in general, but some medications used for treatment of drug addiction may also be beneficial with specific behavioral addictions.{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA | title = Introduction to behavioral addictions | journal = Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 233–241 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20560821 | pmc = 3164585 | doi = 10.3109/00952990.2010.491884 | quote = Naltrexone, a mu-opioid receptor antagonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence, has shown efficacy in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of pathological gambling and kleptomania (76–79), and promise in uncontrolled studies of compulsive buying (80), compulsive sexual behavior (81), internet addiction (82), and pathologic skin picking (83). ... Topiramate, an anti-convulsant which blocks the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor (among other actions), has shown promise in open-label studies of pathological gambling, compulsive buying, and compulsive skin picking (85), as well as efficacy in reducing alcohol (86), cigarette (87), and cocaine (88) use. N-acetyl cysteine, an amino acid that restores extracellular glutamate concentration in the nucleus accumbens, reduced gambling urges and behavior in one study of pathological gamblers (89), and reduces cocaine craving (90) and cocaine use (91) in cocaine addicts. These studies suggest that glutamatergic modulation of dopaminergic tone in the nucleus accumbens may be a mechanism common to behavioral addiction and substance use disorders (92).}}[https://www.betterliferecovery.com/ Better Life Recovery]

Another form of treatment is recreational therapy. A Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist (CTRS) uses leisure and recreation to help individuals recover from their injuries, ailments, or addictions. Therapeutic recreation can help an individual struggling with addiction to improve their self-esteem, confidence, motivation, resiliency, autonomy, enjoyment, and overall emotional state.{{Cite journal |last=Litchke |first=Lyn Gorbett |last2=Quinn |first2=Bonnie |last3=Turner |first3=Kassandra |last4=Trapp |first4=Kelci |date=2022-04-03 |title=Therapeutic Recreation Activities Combined with a 12-Step Faith-Based Program for Adults Experiencing Addiction, Mental Health, and Homelessness: A Case Study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07347324.2021.1981181 |journal=Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=217–228 |doi=10.1080/07347324.2021.1981181 |issn=0734-7324|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Lakeview Health |date=2021-07-19 |title=How Therapeutic Recreation Helps With Addiction Treatment |url=https://www.lakeviewhealth.com/blog/how-therapeutic-recreation-helps-with-addiction-recovery/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Lakeview Health |language=en}}

The classification and diagnostic framework of behavioral addictions under DSM-5 and ICD-11 has been a controversial subject among the clinical research field. For example, this 2020 narrative review considered ICD-11's guidelines to be adequate to include more behavioral addictions based on clinical relevance and empirical evidence, while this 2015 journal article questioned{{Cite journal |last1=Billieux |first1=Joël |last2=Schimmenti |first2=Adriano |last3=Khazaal |first3=Yasser |last4=Maurage |first4=Pierre |last5=Heeren |first5=Alexandre |date=2015-05-27 |title=Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research |journal=Journal of Behavioral Addictions |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=119–123 |doi=10.1556/2006.4.2015.009 |issn=2062-5871 |pmc=4627665 |pmid=26014667}} the atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches on the accuracy of qualitative factors and criticized the lack of consideration of social elements and psychological processes.

A recent narrative review{{Cite journal|last1=Starcevic|first1=Vladan|last2=Khazaal|first2=Yasser|date=2017-04-07|title=Relationships between Behavioural Addictions and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is Known and What Is Yet to Be Learned?|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=8|pages=53|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00053|pmid=28439243|pmc=5383701|issn=1664-0640|doi-access=free}} in 2017 examined the existing literature for studies reporting associations between behavioral addictions (pathological gambling, problematic internet use, problematic online gaming, compulsive sexual behavior disorder, compulsive buying and exercise addiction) and psychiatric disorders. Overall, there is solid evidence for associations between behavioral addictions and mood disorder, anxiety disorder as well as substance use disorders. Associations between ADHD may be specific to problematic internet use and problematic online gaming. The authors also conclude that most of current research on the association between behavioral addictions and psychiatric disorders has several limitations: they are mostly cross-sectional, are not from representative samples, and are often based on small samples, among others. Especially more longitudinal studies are needed to establish the direction of causation, i.e. whether behavioral addictions are a cause or a consequence of psychiatric disorders.

A systematic review in 2021 investigating the correlation between autism and behavioural addictionKervin R, Berger C, Moon SJ, Hill H, Park D, Kim JW. Behavioral addiction and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2021 Oct;117:104033. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104033. Epub 2021 Jul 26. PMID: 34325098. found inconclusive evidence for a general correlation. However found evidence of correlation when comorbid mental health conditions were present. Another systematic review in 2022 estimating the prevalence of behavioural addiction during the COVID-19 pandemicAlimoradi Z, Lotfi A, Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Estimation of Behavioral Addiction Prevalence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Addict Rep. 2022;9(4):486-517. doi: 10.1007/s40429-022-00435-6. Epub 2022 Sep 12. PMID: 36118286; PMCID: PMC9465150. found the prevalence to be 11.1%.

{{main|ΔFosB|Reward system}}

ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, has been identified as playing a critical role in the development of addictive states in both behavioral addictions and drug addictions. Overexpression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations seen in drug addiction; it has been implicated in addictions to alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, nicotine, phenylcyclidine, and substituted amphetamines{{cite journal|year=2006|title=Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory|journal=Annu. Rev. Neurosci.|volume=29|pages=565–598|doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009|pmid=16776597|vauthors=Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ|s2cid=15139406}}{{cite journal|date=January 2013|title=Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants|journal=Prog. Neurobiol.|volume=100|pages=60–80|doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001|pmc=3525776|pmid=23085425|vauthors=Steiner H, Van Waes V}}{{cite web|url=http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05034+2354|title=Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)|author=Kanehisa Laboratories|date=2 August 2013|website=KEGG Pathway|access-date=10 April 2014}} as well as addictions to natural rewards such as sex, exercise, and food. A recent study also demonstrated a cross-sensitization between drug reward (amphetamine) and a natural reward (sex) that was mediated by ΔFosB.{{cite journal|date=February 2013|title=Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator|journal=J. Neurosci.|volume=33|issue=8|pages=3434–42|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013|pmc=3865508|pmid=23426671|quote=Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ΔFosB and its downstream transcriptional targets.|vauthors=Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM}}

One of the major areas of study is the amygdala, a brain structure which involves emotional significance and associated learning. Research shows that dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area facilitate a motivational or learned association to a specific behavior.{{cite journal|last1=Brewer|first1=Judson A.|last2=Potenza|first2=Marc N.|year=2008|title=The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: Relationships to drug addictions|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=75|issue=1|pages=63–75|doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.043|pmc=2222549|pmid=17719013}}

Dopamine neurons take a role in the learning and sustaining of many acquired behaviors. Research specific to Parkinson's disease has led to identifying the intracellular signaling pathways that underlie the immediate actions of dopamine. The most common mechanism of dopamine is to create addictive properties along with certain behaviors.{{cite journal|last1=Girault|first1=Jean-Antoine|last2=Greengard|first2=P|year=2004|title=The Neurobiology of Dopamine Signaling|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=61|issue=5|pages=641–4|doi=10.1001/archneur.61.5.641|pmid=15148138|doi-access=free}} There are three stages to the dopamine reward system: bursts of dopamine, triggering of behavior, and further impact to the behavior. Once electronically signaled, possibly through the behavior, dopamine neurons let out a 'burst-fire' of elements to stimulate areas along fast transmitting pathways. The behavior response then perpetuates the striated neurons to further send stimuli. The fast firing of dopamine neurons can be monitored over time by evaluating the amount of extracellular concentrations of dopamine through micro dialysis and brain imaging. This monitoring can lead to a model in which one can see the multiplicity of triggering over a period of time.{{cite journal|last1=Dichiara|first1=G|last2=Bassareo|first2=V|year=2007|title=Reward system and addiction: What dopamine does and doesn't do|journal=Current Opinion in Pharmacology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=69–76|doi=10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.003|pmid=17174602}} Once the behavior is triggered, it is hard to work away from the dopamine reward system.

Behaviors like gambling have been linked to the newfound idea of the brain's capacity to anticipate rewards. The reward system can be triggered by early detectors of the behavior, and trigger dopamine neurons to begin stimulating behaviors. But in some cases, it can lead to many issues due to error, or reward-prediction errors. These errors can act as teaching signals to create a complex behavior task over time.

• Addictive behavior
• Addictive personality
• {{slink|ANKK1|Addictive behaviors}}
• Habit

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• {{YouTube|eqOIlscDfYI|Valerie Voon – Impulse control disorders – behavioural addictions – insights from dopaminergic ...}} Technical review of biomolecular-neurobehavioral research

{{Addiction|state=expanded}}

{{Digital media use and mental health}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Mass psychogenic illness

Category:Addiction

Category:Conformity

Category:Social influence