Behavioral sink

Calhoun's early experiments with rats were carried out on farmland at Rockville, Maryland, starting in 1947.{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/42/wiles.php|title=The Behavioral Sink|publisher=Cabinet Magazine|date=Summer 2011|access-date=2012-08-24|archive-date=2020-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215182949/http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/42/wiles.php|url-status=live}}

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While Calhoun was working at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1954, he began numerous experiments with rats and mice. During his first tests, he placed around 32 to 56 rats in a {{convert|10|by(x)|14|ft|m|adj=on}} cage in a barn in Montgomery County. He separated the space into four rooms. Every room was specifically created to support a dozen matured brown Norwegian rats. Rats could maneuver between the rooms by using the ramps. Since Calhoun provided unlimited resources, such as water, food, and also protection from predators as well as from disease and weather, the rats were said to be in "rat utopia" or "mouse paradise",{{Cite web |title=Mouse Heaven or Mouse Hell? |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/mouse-heaven-or-mouse-hell/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Science History Institute |language=en-US}} another psychologist explained.[http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/newsletters/2008/07_25_2008/story1.htm Medical Historian Examines NIMH Experiments in Crowding] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327132421/http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/newsletters/2008/07_25_2008/story1.htm |date=2013-03-27 }}, nih record, 2013-10-13.

In the 1962 study, Calhoun described the behavior as follows:

{{bquote|Many [female rats] were unable to carry the pregnancy to full term or to survive delivery of their litters if they did. An even greater number, after successfully giving birth, fell short in their maternal functions. Among the males the behavior disturbances ranged from sexual deviation to cannibalism and from frenetic overactivity to a pathological withdrawal from which individuals would emerge to eat, drink and move about only when other members of the community were asleep. The social organization of the animals showed equal disruption.

The common source of these disturbances became most dramatically apparent in the populations of our first series of three experiments, in which we observed the development of what we called a behavioral sink. The animals would crowd together in greatest number in one of the four interconnecting pens in which the colony was maintained. As many as 60 of the 80 rats in each experimental population would assemble in one pen during periods of feeding. Individual rats would rarely eat except in the company of other rats. As a result extreme population densities developed in the pen adopted for eating, leaving the others with sparse populations.

In the experiments in which the behavioral sink developed, infant mortality ran as high as 96 percent among the most disoriented groups in the population.}}

Following his earlier experiments with rats, Calhoun later created his "Mortality-Inhibiting Environment for Mice" in 1968: a {{convert|101|by(x)|101|in|cm|adj=mid}} cage for mice with food and water replenished to support any increase in population,{{Cite journal|last1=Calhoun|first1=J. B.|year=1973|title=Death squared: The explosive growth and demise of a mouse population|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=66|issue=1 Pt 2|pages=80–88|doi=10.1177/00359157730661P202|pmc=1644264|pmid=4734760}} which took his experimental approach to its limits. In his most famous experiment in the series, "Universe 25",{{Cite web |title=Universe 25, 1968–1973 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/universe-25-1968-1973-69941 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The Scientist Magazine® |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529221548/https://www.the-scientist.com/universe-25-1968-1973-69941 |url-status=live }} population peaked at 2,200 mice even though the habitat was built to tolerate a total population of 4000. Having reached a level of high population density, the mice began exhibiting a variety of abnormal, often destructive, behaviors including refusal to engage in courtship, and females abandoning their young. By the 600th day, the population was on its way to extinction. Though physically able to reproduce, the mice had lost the social skills required to mate.

Calhoun retired from NIMH in 1984, but continued to work on his research results until his death on September 7, 1995.[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/calhoun_papers_released.html NLM Announces the Public Release of the Papers of John B. Calhoun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191924/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/calhoun_papers_released.html |date=2018-09-11 }}, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013-10-13.

The specific voluntary crowding of rats to which the term "behavioral sink" refers is thought to have resulted from the earlier involuntary crowding: individual rats became so used to the proximity of others while eating that they began to associate feeding with the company of other rats. Calhoun eventually found a way to prevent this by changing some of the settings and thereby decreased mortality somewhat, but the overall pathological consequences of overcrowding remained.Ramsden, Edmund and Jon Adams. 2009. Escaping the Laboratory:The Rodent Experiments of John B. Calhoun & Their Cultural Influence, p.22. [https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22514/1/2308Ramadams.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328100340/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22514/1/2308Ramadams.pdf|date=2021-03-28}}

Further, researchers argued that "Calhoun's work was not simply about density in a physical sense, as number of individuals-per-square-unit-area, but was about degrees of social interaction."Garnett, Carla. (2008). [https://nihrecord.nih.gov/sites/recordNIH/files/pdf/2008/NIH-Record-2008-07-25.pdf Plumbing the 'Behavioral Sink', Medical Historian Examines NIMH Experiments in Crowding.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815000532/https://nihrecord.nih.gov/sites/recordNIH/files/pdf/2008/NIH-Record-2008-07-25.pdf|date=2020-08-15}}. NIH Record. Retrieved 2013-07-07. "Social density" appears to be key.

Calhoun had phrased much of his work in anthropomorphic terms, in a way that made his ideas highly accessible to a lay audience.

Calhoun himself saw the fate of the population of mice as a metaphor for the potential fate of humankind. He characterized the social breakdown as a "spiritual death", with reference to bodily death as the "second death" mentioned in the Biblical verse {{Bibleverse||Revelation|2:11|NIV}}.

The implications of the experiment are controversial. Psychologist Jonathan Freedman's experiment recruited high school and university students to carry out a series of experiments that measured the effects of density on human behavior. He measured their stress, discomfort, aggression, competitiveness, and general unpleasantness. He declared to have found no appreciable negative effects in 1975.{{cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Jonathan |title=Population density and pathology: Is there a relationship? |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |date=November 1975 |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=539–552 |doi=10.1016/0022-1031(75)90005-0 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022103175900050 |archive-date=2023-01-10 |access-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110155521/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022103175900050 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}

The 1962 Scientific American article came at a time when overpopulation had become a subject of great public interest, and had a considerable cultural influence.{{Cite journal |last1=Ramsden |first1=Edmund |last2=Adams |first2=Jon |year=2009 |title=Escaping the Laboratory: the rodent experiments of John B. Calhoun & their cultural influence |url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/2009-ramsden.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=761–797 |doi=10.1353/jsh/42.3.761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121225450/https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/2009-ramsden.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-21 |access-date=2019-08-12}} However, such discussions often oversimplified the original findings in various ways. It should however be noted that the work has another message than, for example, Paul Ehrlich's now widely disputed{{Cite web |last1=Gooderham |first1=Mary |last2=Toronto |first2=University of |title=Debunking the 'population bomb' |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-debunking-population.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221111807/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-debunking-population.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Follett |first=Chelsea |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Defuse the Population Bomb Narrative before It's Too Late |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/defuse-population-bomb-narrative-its-too-late |access-date=February 21, 2024 |website=Cato Institute |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612215907/https://www.cato.org/commentary/defuse-population-bomb-narrative-its-too-late |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=2015-05-31 |title=The Unrealized Horrors of Population Explosion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/us/the-unrealized-horrors-of-population-explosion.html |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2020-01-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200108123334/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/01/us/the-unrealized-horrors-of-population-explosion.html |url-status=live }} book The Population Bomb.

Calhoun's worries primarily concerned a human population surge and a potentially independent increase in urbanization as an early stage of rendering much of a given society {{em|functionally}} sterile. Under such circumstances, he hypothesized, society would move from {{em|some}} modality of overpopulation towards a much more irredeemable Underpopulation.

• Decadence
• Population decline
• Overpopulation
• Rats of NIMH
• Societal collapse
• Dysgenics

{{reflist}}

• Fessenden, Marissa 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614091127/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-mouse-utopias-1960s-led-grim-predictions-humans-180954423/ How 1960s Mouse Utopias Led to Grim Predictions for Future of Humanity], Smithsonian Magazine.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20200614090726/https://www.victorpest.com/articles/what-humans-can-learn-from-calhouns-rodent-utopia What Humans Can Learn From Calhoun's Rodent Utopia], Victor.
• National Library of Medicine (2018). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOFveSUmh9U John B. Calhoun Film 7.1 [edited], (NIMH, 1970-1972)]
• Gwamanda, Paul (May 14, 2021). [https://paul-gwamanda.medium.com/behavioral-sink-the-overpopulation-experiments-of-john-b-calhoun-fa501a03d4d3 Behavioral Sink: The Overpopulation Experiments Of John B. Calhoun.]
• Adams, J. & Ramsden, E. (2017). [https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2017/12/22/john-b-calhoun-film-7-1/ The Falls of 1972: John B Calhoun and Urban Pessimism.]
• APEX (4 January 2021). [https://apexsnotes.substack.com/p/oversocialization-an-introduction Oversocialization: An Introduction How Socialization Goes Awry and The Jekyll/Hyde Case of Credentials.]
• Wiles, Will (2011). [https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/42/wiles.php THE BEHAVIORAL SINK: The mouse universes of John B. Calhoun.] Forgetting, Issue 42.

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