Beijing Guozijian

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File:Guozijian 1.jpg at the entrance of the Beijing Guozijian]]

The Beijing Guozijian ({{zh|first=t|t=北京國子監|s=北京国子监|p=Běijīng Guózǐjiān|w=Pei-ching Kuo-tzu-chien}}), located on Guozijian Street in Beijing, China, was China's national university during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and the last Guozijian of China. Most of the Beijing Guozijian's buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty{{cite web|url=http://www.geissfoundation.org/insider_beijing/temples/guozijian.htm|title=Guozijian|publisher=Geiss Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704172626/http://www.geissfoundation.org/insider_beijing/temples/guozijian.htm|archive-date=2008-07-04}} and it remains an important heritage site in China. During the Hundred Days' Reform of the Qing Dynasty, the education and administration of education functions of Guozijian was mainly replaced by the Imperial University of Peking (Jingshi Daxuetang), later known as Peking University. The Guozijian was shut down in 1905.

The Guozijian, often translated into English as the Imperial Academy or Imperial College, was the national central institute of learning in ancient Chinese dynasties. It was the highest institute of learning in China's traditional educational system. Emperors in imperial China would also frequently visit the Guozijian to read Confucian classics to thousands of students.{{cite web|url=http://www.tour-beijing.com/sightseeing/showsight.php?sight_id=17 |title=Guozijian - Beijing Travel Service, Beijing Travel, Beijing Tour |publisher=tour-beijing.com|access-date=2016-05-19}}

History

The Guozijian was first built in 1306 during the 24th year of Zhiyuan Reign of the Yuan Dynasty, and was reconstructed and renovated on a large scale during Yongle and Zhengtong reigns of the Ming Dynasty.{{cite web |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/Beijing_Seoul_Photos_Exhibition/Ancient_Capital/Architectures/t918986.htm |title=Guozijian (The Imperial College) |publisher=ebeijing.gov.cn |access-date=2016-05-19 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061013/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/Beijing_Seoul_Photos_Exhibition/Ancient_Capital/Architectures/t918986.htm |url-status=dead }}

The administrative officials of Guozijian were called Chief ({{lang|zh-Hant|祭酒}}, Jìjiǔ), Dean of Studies ({{lang|zh-Hant|司業}}, Sīyè), or Proctor ({{lang|zh-Hant|監丞}}, Jiānchéng). The students who studied at the Guozijian were called "Jiansheng" ({{lang|zh-Hant|監生}}, Jiànshēng), and they mainly studied the Confucian classics.

Location and layout

The Guozijian is situated at the central area of the Guozijian Street and adjoining several other well-known imperial structures of Beijing, and the complex of Guozijian accords with the Chinese tradition which dictates that the temple should be on the "left" and the school or college on the "right". To the east of the Guozijian, lies the Confucius Temple, the second largest Confucius temple in all of China, and the Yonghegong Temple, the largest Lama Temple in Beijing.

The whole complex of Guozijian faces south, and it has a total building area of more than {{convert|10,000|m2}}. Along the central axis of Guozijian are the Jixian Gate (the front gate), Taixue Gate (the second gate), the Glazed Archway, Biyong, Yiluntang, and Jingyiting (Jingyi Pavilion). On its east and west sides are the six halls and palaces in the traditional symmetrical layout.