Bellows Falls, Vermont

File:Rockingham Town Hall, Bellows Falls.jpg

The community was settled in 1753 by colonists of English descent, who called it Great Falls.[https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:2785820,Great%20Falls GNIS page for Great Falls] Later the settlers renamed the town for Colonel Benjamin Bellows, a landowner,{{cite book |last1=Coolidge |first1=Austin J. |last2=Mansfield |first2=John B. |title=A History and Description of New England |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=886–888}}[https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1456381,Bellows%20Falls Geographic Names Information System, Bellows Falls, VT.] but kept the name Great Falls for the waterfall, a translation of their Abenaki name, "Kitchee pontegu." In 1785, Colonel Enoch Hale built at the falls the first bridge over the Connecticut River. It was the only bridge across the river until 1796, when another was built at Springfield, Massachusetts.[http://www.vermontgenealogy.com/history/first_toll_bridge_at_bellows_falls.htm The First Toll Bridge at Bellows Falls] The bridge was later replaced. Two bridges currently link Bellows Falls to New Hampshire: the New Arch Bridge (also called the Church Street Bridge), which replaced the Arch Bridge in 1982, and the Vilas Bridge.Collins, Anne L.; Lisai, Virginia; and Luring Louise (2002) Around Bellows Falls: Rockingham, Westminster, and Saxtons River Arcadia Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7385-1033-0}}

The Bellows Falls Canal, one of the first canals built in the United States, was dug by a British-owned company from 1791 to 1802. The original canal was 22 feet wide and four feet deep, and had 9 locks, each 75 feet long and 20 feet wide, which allowed shipping to go around Great Falls by being lifted 52 feet (16 m) around the gorge. River traffic declined after railroads were built to the Connecticut Valley in 1849, and by 1858 the canal had become used exclusively for water power to run the paper mills which became established there. In 1874 the canal was enlarged to 75 feet wide and 17 feet deep. By 1908 it was delivering 15,000 horsepower to the mills. When the mills replaced water power with electrical power, the canal was widened again in 1927–28 to 100 feet, and the water was used to power turbines to generate electricity. The canal's bottom was lined with concrete, and the sides secured with rip-rap set in concrete. A fish ladder allows salmon to continue upstream at times when the bulk of the river's flow is diverted to the canal. The canal is now part of the Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District.[http://www.crjc.org/heritage/V06-3.htm "Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District"]Historic marker on site at Bridge Street, Bellows Falls{{unreliable source?|date=April 2022}}[http://www.danaxtell.com/bf/bfcanal.html "Bellows Falls Canal"]

In 1802, entrepreneurs built the first paper mill in Windham County. Two railroads converged in 1849 at Bellows Falls, helping it develop into a major mill town. By 1859, a woolen textile mill was operating, in addition to factories that produced furniture, marble, sashes and blinds, iron castings, carriages, cabinetware, rifles, harness, shoe pegs and organs.Coolidge, A. J. and Mansfield, J. B. (1859) [https://books.google.com/books?id=OcoMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9#PPA888,M1 A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England] Boston, Massachusetts

The years of industry created wealth in the town, and substantial Victorian houses and mercantile buildings were constructed. Bellows Falls today attracts visitors through heritage tourism based on its historic Victorian architecture. The commercial town center, along with the canal, the bridges spanning it, and several neighborhoods of houses, were listed as historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places, as were individual landmarks such as the historic railroad station and the Adams Gristmill Warehouse.{{NRISref|version=2010a}}{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=82001706}}|title=NRHP nomination for Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=October 31, 2015}}

The village is located within the town of Rockingham. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of {{convert|1.4|mi2}}, all land. Bellows Falls is bounded on the east by the Connecticut River.

{{US Census population

|1870= 697

|1880= 2229

|1890= 3092

|1900= 4337

|1910= 4883

|1920= 4860

|1930= 3930

|1940= 4236

|1950= 3881

|1960= 3831

|1970= 3505

|1980= 3456

|1990= 3313

|2000= 3165

|2010= 3148

|2020= 2747

|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}

}}

File:Petroglyphs close up 6-14-2014 12-57-27 PM.JPG (2014)]]

Image:Miss Bellows Falls Diner, Bellows Falls, Vermont crop.jpg, with the Rockingham Town Hall in the background]]

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,165 people, 1,329 households, and 782 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,286.1 people per square mile (885.5/km²). There were 1,443 housing units at an average density of 1,042.3/sq mi (403.7/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.28% White, 0.35% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.

There were 1,329 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $29,608, and the median income for a family was $45,688. Males had a median income of $29,137 versus $22,340 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,276. About 5.6% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

One of Bellows Falls' cultural attractions is the Bellows Falls Petroglyph Site: petroglyphs on large boulders, located just downstream of the bridge.{{cite web|url=https://urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com/2015/08/09/face-value-the-bellows-falls-petroglyphs/|title=Face Value: The Bellows Falls Petroglyphs|date=August 9, 2015}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2022}}

{{See also|Bellows Falls station}}

• Donald H. Balch — United States Air Force general
• Colleen Barrett — Former president of Southwest Airlines
• Mark Brown — American baseball player
• E. William Crotty — American diplomat
• Donald E. Edwards — American state military officer
• Carlton Fisk — American baseball player
• Robert Gillis — American college football coach
• Jay H. Gordon — American politician
• {{annotated link|Warner A. Graham}}{{cite book |last=Cutler |first=William Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdAUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1468 |title=New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial |date=1914 |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |volume=3 |location=New York, NY |page=1468 |ref={{sfnRef|New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial}}}}
• Hetty Green — American businesswoman and financier
• James F. Howard Jr. — Professor of neurology
• Bruce M. Lawlor — Retired United States Army officer
• Israel Lund — Conceptual painter
• Guy McPherson — scientist
• Michael J. Obuchowski — Former member of the Vermont House of Representatives
• Roger Robb — American judge
• Thomas M. Salmon — Vermont Auditor of Accounts from 2007 to 2013
• Thomas P. Salmon — Governor of Vermont from 1973 to 1977
• Jennie Maria Arms Sheldon — American author, scientist and researcher
• Gary Smith (record producer) — American businessman
• Ernest Thompson — American writer, actor, and director
• Matt Trieber — American politician
• Rick Veitch — American comics artist and writer
• Asa Wentworth Jr. — American politician

• {{annotated link|Arch Bridge (Bellows Falls)}}
• {{annotated link|National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Vermont}}
• Steamtown, U.S.A.

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons and category|Bellows Falls, Vermont}}

• [http://rockbf.org/ Town of Rockingham and Village of Bellows Falls, Vermont]

{{Windham County, Vermont|state=collapsed}}

{{Connecticut River}}

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Category:Federal architecture in Vermont

Category:Incorporated villages in Vermont

Category:Rockingham, Vermont

Category:Vermont populated places on the Connecticut River

Category:Victorian architecture in Vermont

Category:Villages in Windham County, Vermont