Belvedere Torso
{{short description|Sculpture by an Apollonios the Athenian}}
File:Last judgement.jpg is shown holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin. The figure's torso strongly echoes the Belvedere Torso. The model is thought to be Pietro Aretino.]]
The Belvedere Torso is a {{convert|1.59|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} fragmentary marble statue of a male nude, known to be in Rome from the 1430s, and signed prominently on the front of the base by "Apollonios, son of Nestor, Athenian", who is unmentioned in ancient literature. It is now in the Museo Pio-Clementino (Inv. 1192) of the Vatican Museums.{{cite web |title=Belvedere Torso |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Belvedere-Torso |website=britannica.com/ |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=1 December 2020}}
Once believed to be a 1st-century BC original,Winckelmann dated it to about 200 BC, a Greek work that had been imported to Rome (Geschichte 1764:368ff). the statue is now thought to be a copy from the 1st century BC or AD of an older statue, probably to be dated to the early 2nd century BC.
Description
The muscular male figure is portrayed seated on an animal hide, and its precise identification remains open to debate. Though traditionally identified as a Heracles seated on the skin of the Nemean lion, recent studies{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} have identified the skin as that of a panther, occasioning other identifications (with possibilities including Polyphemus and Marsyas).Vinzenz Brinkmann: "Zurück zur Klassik." In: "Zurück zur Klassik. Ein neuer Blick auf das alte Griechenland." Hirmer, Munich 2013, pp. 55–57. According to the Vatican Museum website, "the most favoured hypothesis identifies it with Ajax, the son of Telamon, in the act of contemplating his suicide".{{Cite web|url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-pio-clementino/sala-delle-muse/torso-del-belvedere.html|title=The Belvedere Torso|website=www.museivaticani.va}}
History after rediscovery
The statue is documented in the collection of Cardinal Prospero Colonna at his family's palazzo in Monte Cavallo, Rome from 1433, not because it elicited admiration, but because the antiquarian epigrapher Ciriaco d'Ancona (or someone in his immediate circle) made note of its inscription.Noted in Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, Taste and the Antique: the lure of classical sculpture, 1400–1900, 1981:311. Around 1500 it was in the possession of the sculptor Andrea Bregno.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} It was still in the Palazzo Colonna during the sack of Rome in 1527, when it suffered some mutilation.The earliest dated sketches show the right leg intact through the knee. The engraving by Giovanni Antonio da Brescia, c. 1515, through which it became widely known, showed it with its legs complete, an imaginary restoration, according to Leonard Barkan, Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture (Yale University Press, 1999) p 193ff. Between 1530 and 1536, the sculpture was acquired by the pope.{{cite book |last1=Regoli |first1=Gigetta Dalli |last2=Gioseffi |first2=Decio |last3=Mellini |first3=Gian Lorenzo |last4=Salvini |first4=Roberto |title=Vatican Museums: Rome |url=https://catalogo.museivaticani.va/index.php/Detail/objects/MV.1192.0.0?lang=en_US |date=1968 |publisher=Vatican |location=Italy}} How it entered the Vatican collections is uncertain, but by the mid-16th century it was installed in the Cortile del Belvedere, where it joined the Apollo Belvedere and other famous Roman sculptures. "The Laocoön took two months from unearthing to Belvedere canonization," Leonard Barkan observed, "the Torso took a hundred years."For its Renaissance career, see Barkan 1999:190ff.
The contorted pose and musculature of the torso were highly influential on Renaissance, Mannerist, and Baroque artists, including Michelangelo and Raphael, and it served as a catalyst of the classical revival. Michelangelo's admiration of the Torso was widely known in his lifetime,Ulisse Aldrovandi published Michelangelo's admiration for the Torso in "Delle statue antiche..." in Lucio Mauro, Le Antichità della città di Roma, Venice, 1556 (Haskell and Penny 1981:312). to the extent that the Torso gained the sobriquet, "The School of Michelangelo".Edward Wright, Some Observations Made While Travelling through France, Italy &c... London, 1730, noted in Haskell and Penny 1981:313 note 25. Legend has it that Pope Julius II requested that Michelangelo complete the statue fragment with arms, legs and a face. He respectfully declined, stating that it was too beautiful to be altered, and instead used it as the inspiration for several of the figures on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, including the Sibyls and Prophets along the borders, and both the risen Christ and St. Bartholomew in The Last Judgement.{{cite book |last1=Regoli |first1=Gigetta Dalli |last2=Gioseffi |first2=Decio |last3=Mellini |first3=Gian Lorenzo |last4=Salvini |first4=Roberto |title=Vatican Museums: Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticanmuseumsro00dall |url-access=registration |date=1968 |publisher=Newsweek |location=Italy |page=[https://archive.org/details/vaticanmuseumsro00dall/page/25 25]}} Early drawings of the Torso were made by Amico Aspertini, c. 1500–1503, by Martin van Heemskerck, c. 1532–1536, by Hendrick Goltzius, c. 1590; the Belvedere Torso entered the visual repertory of connoisseurs and artists unable to go to Rome through the engraving of it by Giovanni Antonio da Brescia, c. 1515.All illustrated by Leonard Barkan, Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture (Yale University Press, 1999) ill. 3.79–85. The Belvedere Torso remains one of the few ancient sculptures admired in the 17th and 18th centuries whose reputation has not suffered in modern times.Noted by A. D. Potts, "Greek Sculpture and Roman Copies I: Anton Raphael Mengs and the Eighteenth Century", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 43 (1980:150–173) p. 150
Several small bronze reductions of it were made during the 16th century,Arvid Andrén, "Il torso del Belvedere", Opuscula Archaeologica, 7 (Lund, 1952) often restoring it as a seated Hercules.For example a bronze statuette formerly in the von Pannwitz collection, by a follower of L'Antico (Diana M. Buitron, "The Alexander Nelidow: A Renaissance Bronze?" The Art Bulletin 55.3 (September 1973:393–400) p.398).
The Belvedere Torso visited the British Museum for its 2015 exhibition on the human body in ancient Greek art.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jan/08/belvedere-torso-british-museum-body-exhibition|title=British Museum borrows Belvedere Torso from Vatican for body exhibition|date=January 8, 2015|website=the Guardian}}
Gallery
File:Signature Apollonios Pio-Clementino Inv1192.jpg|Greek inscription on the pedestal
File:0 Torse du Belvédère - Museo Pio Clementino.JPG|Front view showing pedestal, dark
File:Belvedere Torso Musei Vaticani.jpg|Belvedere Torso, frontal view
File:The Belvedere Torso depicting Ajax.jpg|The Belvedere Torso, three-quarter view.
File:Torso del belvedere, forse aiace telamonio che medita suicidio, I sec. ac. di apollonios, forse da bronzo greco del 200-150 ac. ca 02.JPG|Belvedere Torso, left side view
File:Belvedere Torso-Vatican Museums-2.jpg|Belvedere Torso, rear view, sunlit
File:梵蒂岡西斯汀禮拜堂11.jpg|Belvedere Torso, right side view
File:Belvedere torso detail by jmax.jpg|Belvedere Torso detail, abdomen
File:Giovanni Paolo Panini, An architectural capriccio with figures among Roman ruins.jpg|Belvedere Torso (foreground at right) in a capriccio by Giovanni Paolo Panini.
File:0 Le Torse du Belvédère - P.P. Rubens - Rubenshuis - RH.S.109.JPG|Drawing after the Belvedere Torso by Peter Paul Rubens, Rubenshuis (RH.S.109).
File:Peter paul rubens, studio del torso di belvedere, 1601-02 ca..JPG|Study after the Belevedere Torso by Peter Paul Rubens, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
File:Belvederetorso.jpg|Print of the Belvedere Torso; Domenico De Rossi, Raccolta del Scultore Antiche e Moderne. 1704. Engraving. Plate IX. 28 × 29 cm.
File:Gerome-Michelangelo-Belvedere Torso-1849-Dahesh.jpg|Michelangelo being Shown the Belvedere Torso, Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1849. Dahesh Museum of Art.
Notes
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External links
- {{commons category-inline}}
- [http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/MPCs/MPCs_Sala06_01.html The Belvedere Torso] on the Vatican Museums website
- Entry in [http://database.census.de/easydb/censusID=151526 The Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance]
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Category:Tourist attractions in Rome
Category:Sculptures in the Vatican Museums